The concept of ethnic culture and tradition

Heterogeneity in religious culture sometime creates serious problems in South Asia. In terms of number of followers, Hinduism has the largest number of followers, with Islam and Buddhism being the two other major faiths. Although a strong secular movement was launched by the Indian and many other South Asian governments, it failed to minimize cultural gaps among the various religions. Most prominent clashes between religious groups seem to involve Hindus and Muslims, or one Muslim sect against another, or Sikhs and Hindus, or Buddhists and Hindus. Relations between the two most powerful states of South Asia, India and Pakistan, have been greatly complicated by religious factors. Clashes between Sri Lanka's Buddhist Sinhalese majority and the predominant Hindu Tamil minority have destroyed the peace not only in the island state, but also to some extent in India. Pakistan continues to proclaim it an Islamic state (there are virtually no Hindu left in the country). India is officially secular, although about 11 percent of India's population is Muslim. Hindus comprise 13% of Bangladesh's population. The minorities in both countries are discriminated against, in fact if not in law, and a recurrence of communal violence in either country could undermine relations between New Delhi and Dhaka. Cross-border religious links in South Asia create suspicion and friction between majorities and minorities within states rather than bonds between the countries. So the communal relations in South Asia necessarily possess a majority- minority dimension cutting across national boundaries. The dynamics of Hindu-Muslim relations in the Sub-continent directly impinge upon the state-to-state relations. In view of the above it is evident that different ethnic groups in the region sometimes create insurgency problems in South Asia. This is one of the reasons of mistrust among the South Asian states. For example, India blames Bangladesh for providing arms to Indian ethnic groups who are fighting for autonomy. On the other hand, Bangladesh blames India for giving shelter and arms to Bangladeshi insurgents. Ethnic crises between Tamil and Sinhalese creates problem between Sri Lanka and India. It is common belief in Sri Lanka that Indian support for Tamil people has created this ethnic crisis. Diversified Indian ethnic groups sometime create internal problem in India, which has serious impacts in other countries of the region.

Bliss of Solitude

Like the dew drops falling on the grass Glittering in the dazzling rays of the sun She has smiles dramatic all over the world To give impression of love at the amazing sky. She knows no indulgence even any discord Not even banned certainty laid the blame on, She is clear like the shower of rain; Who has weapons to banish the insignificant change? She has eyes all around in the dark cloud Like the flies to clasp in the world so high; To eliminate shyness, murky and evils of mind, To gather significant change of life. Like the roses, she is scattering every side To pact a series of beams in the sun, To scatter the light of knowledge and skills To inform the world that precision exists. Her jollity reflecting like the light of the moon To have bustling the world forthwith change In quicker form to survive on earth Telling of fraternity, love and peace.

Magna Carta

Neither we nor our doom shall seize For any poise any land or lease, As long as the chattel of the swindle Being ample to repay the dwindle. Nor shall those be pledged to save For the dodger being detained so pave As the prime debtor being able to pay To satisfy the debt alongside the bake To pay money for any significant due Having nothing wherewith challenge to face, Then the good hands shall answer the debt. To have the lands for rents and rave Of the debtor, if they desire for them, Until they are reimbursed for the balance due Which they have paid for nonchalance Unless the principal debtor can show The proof to discharge his duress to them. If one who has borrowed from the Jews Any sum, great or small, dies before that Can be repaid, his heir shall pay no dues On the debt for so long remaining under age, Irrespective from which he holds his heads. If such a debt falls into our hands, We take nothing except the foremost owed As mentioned in the bond not being along And if any one die indebted to the Jews, His wife shall have her dower and pay Of that debt; and if any children of hay Being left underage, the sum if due be able For them in keeping with the holding Of the deceased, the debt shall be paid Out of the dregs, save the service due Feudal lords, Let debts due to others than Jews be dealt with in similar mode. No scuttle or aid shall be imposed On our realm, unless by common counsel Of our kingdom, except for reimbursing hale, For making our eldest son a knight, And marrying our eldest daughter one time. For these, only a reasonable aid is levied. In like manner it shall be done concerning Aids from the city of anywhere depositing No man shall be compelled to do more Service for a knight’s fee, or for any land Free-holding, than is due from it.

World peace

Magna Carta Neither we nor our doom shall seize,

  For any poise any land or lease, 

 As long as the chattel of the swindle,

 Being ample to repay the debt. 

Nor shall those be pledged to save,  For the dodger being detained so pave As the prime debtor being able to pay To satisfy the debt alongside the bake To pay money for any significant due Having nothing wherewith challenge to face, Then the good hands shall answer the debt. To have the lands for rents and rave Of the debtor, if they desire for them, Until they are reimbursed for the balance due Which they have paid for nonchalance Unless the principal debtor can show The proof to discharge his duress to them. If one who has borrowed from the Jews Any sum, great or small, dies before that Can be repaid, his heir shall pay no dues On the debt for so long remaining under age, Irrespective from which he holds his heads. Suppose such a debt falls into our hands. In that case, We take nothing except the foremost owed As mentioned in the bond not being along And if any one die indebted to the Jews, His wife shall have her dower and pay Of that debt. If any children of hay Being left underage, the sum if due be able For them in keeping with the holding Of the deceased, the debt shall be paid Out of the dregs, save the service due Feudal lords, Let debts due to others than Jews be dealt with in similar mode. No scuttle or aid shall be imposed on our realm, unless by common counsel Of our kingdom, except for reimbursing hale, For making our eldest son a knight, And marrying our eldest daughter one time. For these, only a reasonable aid is levied. In like manner it shall be done concerning Aids from the city of anywhere depositing No man shall be compelled to do more Service for a knight’s fee, or for any land Free-holding, than is due from it.

Grameen Phone

Grameen phone Grameen phone is a budding business and it is playing a vital role in socio economic expansion by rendering customer service with it wide range of product. Grameen phone is a bright name nowadays as its good will is famous around the country and even in International Market. To speak the truth, mobile phone is a machine which controls the world significantly and it rapidly activates to reach news and views to the people from one place to another. Grameen phone’s movement is implicated in almost every class of people irrespective of castes and creed and it has fulfilled its target and has dynamically geared up its position in a new era of advancement and affluence. As the management of Grameen phone has met the demand of the people by spreading its dynamic steps even in the remote places and its wide range of product have been able to render customer service successfully in last few years. Its product has high demand internationally; the job of Grameen phone establishment is lucrative and fascinating. I think if I take this job, I will face life challenging which I like most. Through such challenging job, I will try to fulfill the object of the company. Besides this, I will try to protect myself from polluted environment. As compared to other department, there are lots of ways to fulfill the target and as such it is a unique management with which our job may be creative based on socio-economic development. As a tentative aim being a computer engineer, I would like to serve the people and the country for which there is no alternate to uphold an assignment of Grameen phone. I think, as Grameen phone has a multifarious activity which has different scopes to enlighten a person like me. I will have bright future by rendering customer service as per their needs. Being an engineer, I will try to develop a network with which a tremendous communication system is possible to be developed virtually.

The concept of regional integration process

Before making an analysis on the specific case of SAARC as a regional integration process, we can highlight the connotation of region and regional integration which is significant in this context. There is no denying the fact that on collective research regions are used in shorter sense having encountered external cooperation among regions in the field of trade, commerce, economics, export and import. But regional integration may be used in broader sense as because integration is needed in order to maneuver the basic cooperation system in relation to the relevant regions in which the respective fields of regions are settled down virtually. Regional integration has become a very common way of co-operation among states in present day international relations. Generally a ‘region’ is an area where some geographically proximate states join together to achieve their common objectives. As I mentioned earlier, in the present time more or less every nation-state, strong or weak, is a member of a regional system. But there are some states which exist on the borderline between two regions. That is one of the reasons for those states not joining in any regional co-operation arrangements. Although geographical considerations are an important factor for the formation of a region, other factors-for example, social, economic, political, historical, and improvisational - are also important. So we can say that a region consists of two or more proximate states and interacting states which have some common ethnic, linguistic, cultural, social, and/or historical bonds, and whose sense of identity is sometimes increased by the actions and attitudes towards those of states external to the region. The member states of SAARC are geographically proximate with each other. These states have something in common. For example, they have some common social and historical bonds. These states have common colonial past. Those states (for example Nepal) who were not under colonial rule have also been influenced by that rule owing to geographical proximity with India. There is some cultural commonality among the SAARC states. But where the region ends-for example, on the eastern side-Burma is neither a member of SAARC nor yet of ASEAN. On the western side Afghanistan neither belongs to the Middle East nor to the South Asian group. These states exist on the borderline between two regional systems. Kh. Atiar Rahman is a distinguished author and a poet. He has unlimited publication in national and international media.

The concept of Financial reforms around the globe

There is no denying the fact that embryonic countries constantly demonstrate a predisposition to bring in the policy pronouncement of highly developed countries in their delicate resources despite the shifting of overall socio-economic procedure virtually. In bonafide world state of affairs aspects that next to influence the strategy decisions of budding countries are found fictional in progressive countries. It is evident that reserve constraints and technical non-progressive phenomena are two focal setting that formulate the budding countries reliant upon the advanced countries. The highly developed countries make available financial assistance for the economic development of the progressive countries through remarkable polygonal and two-pronged donor agencies, which are authoritatively termed as ‘Progressive media. ' The ‘progressive media’ all the way through their lending tricks play a vital role in the policy-making method of progressive countries. The intact process is now more evident in an interestingly univocal world order that materialize after the collapse of communism as a governing and economic system in the 1980s. The international financial agencies more than ever the World Bank and International Monetary Fund as policy shift pursued a free-market-based world order where the progressive countries were urged, cajoled and hard-pressed to initiate market economy through structural modification reforms. As a result, over the last one-decade progressive countries have made changes in their state-oriented development strategy mostly in line with the policy advice of the Progressive Media. Progressive Media tend to justify their role in policy decisions of recipient countries that receive given from the taxpayers of the advanced countries that preserve the right to know whether money is being utilised in proper ways. Despite continued financial assistance by the Progressive Medias a vast majority of world population in the recipient countries live under the poverty line and unable to meet their basic needs. Increasingly Progressive medias are becoming concerned with the aid effectiveness and often attribute the underdevelopment of third world countries to their inappropriate internal policies. Although the failure of IMF's policy advice in managing the financial crisis in East Asia has given rise counter argument that the economic crisis afflicting the progressive countries was fundamentally global in nature The World Bank in its policy research report, “Assessing Aid, What works, What doesn't, and Why" has laid emphasis on the internal policies of the recipient countries as important factors to make aid effective. In different international forums including the Aid Consortium Meeting that held under the auspices of the World Bank, the Progressive medias review the policy issues of the recipient countries with top priority; and before making any aid commitment want to make it sure that appropriate policy environment is prevailing in the recipient countries. Among the Progressive medias the World Bank is the most important whose confessional financial assistance has allowed it enormous access in the policy making process of progressive countries which we can see with particular reference to Bangladesh. Kh. Atiar Rahman is a distinguished author and a poet. He has many publication in national and international media.

The Time Machine by H.G. Wells, my favorite fictional book

The Time Machine is a book of science fiction by H. G. Wells, published in 1895. There are four dimensions in this fictional writings; the three plains of Space, and the fourth, Time. The plains of Space include length, breadth, thickness, and duration. A figure that has all four of these features exists, can be seen and felt. Then there is another dimension that we all seem to take lightly, the fourth dimension; Time. We may have traveled through space, distance, and even through our own earth to reach the side of something we hope to find. H. G. Wells hunted to find a way through time. Some say it’s impossible, and some say that one day in the distant future, man will be able to travel back and forth through time at will. A man of science hopes to find this answer. He builds a machine that is capable of doing this exact thing, the time machine. By taking himself into the distant future, the Time Traveler finds himself in a new world, a world with no disease, insects, weeds, or violence. Here, according to the book, the time traveler has made his utmost efforts to explore such a world bedded on peace, trust, love and an idealistic society. About Eloi Furthermore, in the new narrative, the Time Traveller tests his device with a journey that takes him to 802,701 A.D., where he meets the Eloi, a society of small, elegant, childlike adults. They live in small communities within large and futuristic yet slowly deteriorating buildings, doing no work and having a herbivorous diet. His efforts to communicate with them are hampered by their lack of curiosity or discipline, and he speculates that they are a peaceful communist society, the result of humanity conquering nature with technology, and subsequently evolving to adapt to an environment in which strength and intellect are no longer advantageous to survival. About Morlocks Returning to the site where he arrived, the Time Traveller finds his time machine missing and eventually works out that it has been dragged by some unknown party into a nearby structure with heavy doors, locked from the inside, which resembles a Sphinx. Later in the dark, he is approached menacingly by the Morlocks, ape-like troglodytes who live in darkness underground and surface only at night. Within their dwellings he discovers the machinery and industry that makes the above-ground paradise possible. He alters his theory, speculating that the human race has evolved into two species: the leisured classes have become the ineffectual Eloi, and the downtrodden working classes have become the brutish light-fearing Morlocks. Deducing that the Morlocks have taken his time machine, he explores the Morlock tunnels, learning that they feed on the Eloi. His revised analysis is that their relationship is not one of lords and servants but of livestock and ranchers, and with no real challenges facing either species. They have both lost the intelligence and character of Man at its peak. Meanwhile, he saves an Eloi named Weena from drowning as none of the other Eloi takes any novice of her, and they develop an innocently affectionate relationship over the course of several days. He takes Weena with him on an expedition to a distant structure that turns out to be the remains of a museum, where he finds a fresh supply of matches and fashions a crude weapon against Morlocks, whom he fears he must fight to get back his machine. He plans to take Weena back to his own time. Because the long and tiring journey back to Weena’s home is too much for them, they stop in the forest, and they are then overcome by Morlocks in the night, and Weena faints. The Traveller escape only when a small fire he had left behind them to distract the Morlocks catches up to them as a forest fire; Weena is presumably lost in the fire, as are the Morlocks. The Morlocks use the time machine as bait to ensnare the Traveller, not understanding that he will use it to escape. He travels further ahead to unevenly 30 million years from his own time. There he sees some of the last living things on a dying Earth, menacing reddish crab-like creatures slowly wandering the blood-red beaches chasing butterflies in a world covered in simple vegetation. He continues to make short jumps through time, seeing Earth’s rotation gradually cease and the sun grow dimmer, and the world falling silent and freezing as the last degenerate living things die out. According to the survey of the author, all I find is a new race of humans, which he calls the Eloi. I prefer the lifestyles of the Eloi where such creatures are, to the Time Traveler’s eyes, very fragile and cheerful, dancing around to play with their new toy that has mysteriously come to this place. These creatures may seem like harmless children, but the Time Traveler finds a second race that roams these hills, another race of man so contorted and savage that he must fight against the terrors of the night to stay alive. The Morlocks as he calls them feast on the flesh of the Eloi. They are what you would call albino creatures. They live under the earth and only come out in the dark. After going through the book, It was an inquiring feeling whether the Time Traveler ever makes it back home, or will he be doomed to face his fears in this strange world of the future H.G. Wells, a shining star in English literature had well-thought-out the concept of time travel before, in an earlier work titled. The story reflects the authors own environment and political views, his assessment on life and abundance, and the contemporary anxiety about industrial relations. It is also influenced by Ray Lankester’s theories about social degeneration. Other science fiction works of the period, including Edward Bellamy‘s Looking Backward and the later Metropolis, dealt with similar themes. The book’s protagonist is an English scientist and gentleman inventor living in Richmond, Surrey, identified by a narrator simply as the Time Traveller. The narrator recounts the Traveller’s lecture to his weekly dinner guests that time is simply a fourth dimension, and his demonstration of a tabletop model machine for traveling through it. He reveals that he has built a machine capable of carrying a person, and returns at dinner the following week to recount a remarkable tale, becoming the new narrator. About Eloi Furthermore, in the new narrative, the Time Traveller tests his device with a journey that takes him to 802,701 A.D., where he meets the Eloi, a society of small, elegant, childlike adults. They live in small communities within large and futuristic yet slowly deteriorating buildings, doing no work and having a frugivorous diet. His efforts to communicate with them are hampered by their lack of curiosity or discipline, and he speculates that they are a peaceful communist society, the result of humanity conquering nature with technology, and subsequently evolving to adapt to an environment in which strength and intellect are no longer advantageous to survival. About Morlocks Returning to the site where he arrived, the Time Traveller finds his time machine missing and eventually works out that it has been dragged by some unknown party into a nearby structure with heavy doors, locked from the inside, which resembles a Sphinx. Later in the dark, he is approached menacingly by the Morlocks, ape-like troglodytes who live in darkness underground and surface only at night. Within their dwellings he discovers the machinery and industry that makes the above-ground paradise possible. He alters his theory, speculating that the human race has evolved into two species: the leisured classes have become the ineffectual Eloi, and the downtrodden working classes have become the brutish light-fearing Morlocks. Deducing that the Morlocks have taken his time machine, he explores the Morlock tunnels, learning that they feed on the Eloi. His revised analysis is that their relationship is not one of lords and servants but of livestock and ranchers, and with no real challenges facing either species. They have both lost the intelligence and character of Man at its peak. Meanwhile, he saves an Eloi named Weena from drowning as none of the other Eloi take any novice of her, and they develop an innocently affectionate relationship over the course of several days. He takes Weena with him on an expedition to a distant structure that turns out to be the remains of a museum, where he finds a fresh supply of matches and fashions a crude weapon against Morlocks, whom he fears he must fight to get back his machine. He plans to take Weena back to his own time. Because the long and tiring journey back to Weena’s home is too much for them, they stop in the forest, and they are then overcome by Morlocks in the night, and Weena faints. The Traveller escape only when a small fire he had left behind them to distract the Morlocks catches up to them as a forest fire; Weena is presumably lost in the fire, as are the Morlocks. The Morlocks use the time machine as bait to ensnare the Traveller, not understanding that he will use it to escape. He travels further ahead to roughly 30 million years from his own time. There he sees some of the last living things on a dying Earth, menacing reddish crab-like creatures slowly wandering the blood-red beaches chasing butterflies in a world covered in simple vegetation. He continues to make short jumps through time, seeing Earth’s rotation gradually cease and the sun grow dimmer, and the world falling silent and freezing as the last degenerate living things die out. Overwhelmed, he returns to his laboratory, arriving just three hours after he originally left. Interrupting dinner, he relates his adventures to his disbelieving visitors, producing as evidence two strange flowers Weena had put in his pocket. The original narrator takes over and relates that he returned to the Time Traveler house the next day, finding him in final preparations for another journey. The Traveller promises to return in half an hour, but three years later, the narrator despairs of ever learning what became of him.

An Old Banyan Tree

An old banyan tree is lying beside the lake
And in the corner of the street, intoning
It is difficult to guess how old it is!
Because of its young maple leaves
As if tenderly inclined to the stem
For greater safety to survive on roots.
The leaves fell in the shade of the water
Nothing is contained on the calyx.
The flower is lively, dog-ark, and deep
To attain the new hopes of life in the shake
Visitation condoles the pain.
 To relieve from the scorching heat of the sun
 Glittering and dancing on the waves of water
Melting the ice from the fallen meadow.
The butterfly and the Tse join together
To share the sufferings from the foes\
The woodcutter and the parrots make holes to live
On the nest to build inside the leaning bay.
The old tree doesn't know how to cry
Or to assuage the pains that have stirred most.
The pecker finds nest and pries into to catch
The rats to capsize the hay
Everlasting growth inside the bark of the tree.




The poem Old Banyan Tree' is the symbol of past, present, and future, where the tired passersby stop for a while for having comfort of cold shades and to assuage the sufferings of hunger and thirst.
It carries the history of past events. It helps people to give shelter specifically the street children stay at night and pass their livelihood.

The Conflicts of Ethnic Groups of South Asian Regions By Kh Atiar Rahman

Like chalk and cheese, the ethnic groups in South Asians regions, sometimes creates insurgency problems in South Asia. This is one of the reasons of distrust between the South Asian states. As India charges Bangladesh for providing arms to Indian ethnic groups who are skirmishing for autonomy; on the other hand, Bangladesh accuses India for philanthropic shelter and arms to Bangladeshi insurgents. An ethnic crisis between Tamil and Sinhalese creates bottlenecks between Sri Lanka and India. It is common trust in Sri Lanka that Indian support for Tamil people has shaped this ethnic crisis. In relation to broaden our horizons, Indian ethnic groups sometime create domestic crisis, which has stern impacts in other countries of the region. Language differentiation creates hazards of communication among the South Asian people. If we glance at Latin America, we observe that Spanish is a widespread language there, which helps build up better communication among the countries. On the other hand, in South Asia, most of the states have more than one language. For case in point, people in the south India do not appreciate Hindi and Hindi interpolation people often do not realize other languages. Sometime it creates separation movement also. For example when Urdu was declared as the state language of Pakistan, the Bengali people in the eastern wing of Pakistan started their language movement, which eventually became the separation movement. Similarly, when Sinhalese was declared as the state language of Sri Lanka, the Tamil minorities started their separation movement from Sri Lanka. As compared to other regions, the differences in size and population are very high among the South Asian countries. The disparities between India and the other states are striking. India’s protective size is nearly four times that of Pakistan and its population is five times larger than Pakistan. India’s region is more than three thousand times as large as that of Maldives and the difference in population is similar. Bhutan is also a very small country as compared to India. The great diversity in size, population creates predicament and as such India is not only bigger than other members of SAARC, but is also bigger than all the others put together. This creates psychological problem for the smaller countries. In the region India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have access to the sea, Sri Lanka and Maldives are island states and Nepal and Bhutan are land locked. Indian protestation is a predicament for Nepal to take pleasure in transit services has accessible by Bangladesh. The Geographical locations of Nepal and Bhutan have made them dependent upon India. For example, in 1979, the Janata government of India removed its objection of transit facility to Nepal. After that Nepal established a transit liaison office at Chittagong (Bangladesh port) to handle its export and imports from overseas countries via Bangladesh. Geographical differences of south Asia are such that India separates one smaller neighbour from the other. All countries of South Asia have common boundaries with India, except Sri Lanka and Maldives. A geographical difference increases the level of difficulty in multi-lateral negotiation for solving common problems, particularly such common problems as the sharing of water resources, and controlling pollution which require co-operation from more than two co-members. Territoriality is an issue which has in the past created irreconcilable problem of sovereignty leading to three wars between two co-members. Territorial disputes continue to cloud the relationship between India and Pakistan, and India and Bangladesh. The opinionated heterogeneity in the midst of the SAARC states greatly hold back effective regional co-operation in South Asia. The political issues are not in attendance in SAARC schedule. It is the most vital issue whose resolution is very smooth mixture obligatory for helpful regional integration in South Asia. Political diversity can be seen in relation to: a)opinionated security; b)parliamentary system; c)philosophical values of supremacy; d)Issue of confliction; e)potential critics to resist the regional domination; f)objectives from SAARC; g)menace discernment; h)legitimate arrangements and i)Attitudes of verdict in question of honour and security. Political interests among the South Asian states are highly diverse. As has been verbatim earlier, both India and Pakistan are very big in size and power in comparison with other smaller states. For that reason their political interest is also different from other member states of SAARC. Identification of common interests is a very difficult task in the region. For the above mentioned reason, they have diversity in their concepts of security also. For example, India as a core power of South Asia enunciates a strategic unity of the region and considers the security of the small regional actors as integral to its own security. It considers the latter to be the exclusive strategic backyard of India. On the other hand, the small states tend to perceive India as the main source of external threat to their security. The diversity in governmental systems prevailing problems in South Asia. India and Sri Lanka have traditionally practised representative democracy. The Indian experience of democracy has had stern tests in recent years, since the emergency period of 1975-77; while Sri Lanka has had to compromise democratic norms more recently as a result of ethnic crisis. The two are even so considered relative success stories among Third World democracies. Pakistan and Bangladesh, particularly the latter, have in the beginning of the 1990s witnessed sweeping democratic transition in their domestic scenario. However, in a longer term perspective, both of these countries have always been swinging between military dominance in politics and democratic experimentation. Nepal’s transition to democracy is also perceived yet to be firmly rooted. Bhutan has been striving to retain the authority of monarchy as the dominant institution, while the Maldives has been practising one-party rule and in due sense variance in classes of people is manifested in values and principles pursued in governance and statecraft. The Indian political system is professedly a blend of democracy, socialism and secularism, though these lofty ideals have remained far from fully translated into reality. Most significant is the recent trend towards increased influence of Hindu fundamentalism in Indian politics. Bangladesh started off with more or less same principles as the fundamentals in statecraft, but it later changed course towards increasing influence of religion, an issue on which a national consensus has yet to emerge. Pakistan has Islam as the basis of its political system, while the Maldives is an Islamic society with relatively less influence of religion in politics. Nepal remains under Hindu influence whilst Bhutan and Sri Lanka are Buddhist societies. The conflict as has been created strategically among the South Asian states is diverse too and as such the nature of the conflict between India and Sri Lankan is different from that of the conflict between India and Bangladesh, Pakistan or Nepal. Some conflicts are ethnic, others are religious, location or border related. For this reason India’s insistence on bilateralism gets priority, and India takes advantages of settlement of those conflicts as per its wishes. One important dimension of the conflict is that all are Indo-centric. Pakistan has accepted the superior military strength of India; it has shown no readiness to curtail its freedom of action as an independent state. Although Bangladesh has limited scope of independence, for Nepal and Bhutan it is more difficult to resist or say anything at all about such regional security doctrine. For example, Sri Lanka failed to resist Indian hegemonic attitude when in 1977 the Jayewardene government opted for a free-market economy, making Sri Lanka increasingly receptive to western capital and technology. At that time the relationship with Pakistan improved dramatically. The Jayewardene government virtually tried to distance itself from India. India then took the opportunity of the Tamil separatist issue to put pressure on Sri Lanka. Apart from sheltering and arming the Tamil militants, the Indian ruling class blew out of proportion some of the features of Sri Lanka’s relationship with United States and Pakistan. India cannot apply this type of hegemonic attitude towards Pakistan. There are differences in objectives in respect of SAARC among the South Asian countries. SAARC is indeed a facility and an opening for Nepal and Bhutan to maintain close relations with their South Asian neighbours. Above all, it has been perceived by the smaller members as a source of peace and stability in the region. For these small states these contacts and frequent interaction provide a means for generating mutual self-belief and understanding, which may help in the resolution of bilateral problems and in creating harmony. Such harmony could also, in due course, narrow down the prevailing strategic divergence among SAARC members. Unlike the other members, Pakistan has been cautious in expanding institutional and developmental aspects of SAARC. Its objective was to put a stop to India’s presence and influence at the same time to expand its interaction with all the other SAARC countries. Pakistani representatives have sought to use the SAARC forum for disseminating their specific policy proposals aimed at thwarting India. For India, SAARC has been both a challenge as well as an opportunity. The challenge has lain in the collective pressures of the neighbours, and the opportunity in the possibilities of making the neighbours look inward, into the region, for their developmental and security needs. India has pursued a two-pronged strategy to advance its regional objectives through SAARC. One has been to gradually push the expansion and deepening of the Integrated Programme of Action so as to cover core economic areas like trade, industry and finance. The idea was to expand and consolidate infrastructure and social linkages at various levels among South Asian countries and to create a basis for interdependence. This in the long run could weaken the centrifugal tendencies of its neighbours and thus narrow down the divergence towards SAARC’s ties with other regional organizations. The inflow of foreign funds in the organization supported these long- term objectives. The other aspect of India’s strategy has been to evolve consensus in SAARC on international economic and political issues. Such consensus would strengthen India’s own bargaining position in international forum. This competitive game and diversity in objectives may help to sustain SAARC but is not congenial for effective regional integration. There are diversities in threat perceptions among the South Asian states. For example, the presence of a superpower in the Indian Ocean draws more fire from some South Asian neighbours than others. Practically, threat perceptions in South Asia seem to be quite a mixed issue. The smaller members of the community fear India, and some of the South Asian states are concerned about American interests in the region. China figures as a possible threat in the Indian calculations, but China is uniformly absent from the threat perceptions of most of the other South Asian states. These differences in perception and response point to the absence of any kind of a regional outlook on defence issues. For this reason different military capabilities have emerged in the South Asian region, which is in no way congenial for effective regional integration. There is diversity in constitutional arrangements among South Asian states. For example, India and Pakistan have provincial government, but others lack these. It takes much time in India to ratify a treaty which as a consequence of having provincial governments. For smaller states it is very easy to get approval from their parliaments. Sometime in India central government’s willingness is not sufficient to solve a problem without the help of provincial government and the Indian Supreme Court. Sometimes this time-consuming system creates mistrust amongst smaller treaty partners. This situation is also not congenial for effective regional integration in South Asia. Different attitudes among the ruling elite’s is further factor that hinders effective regional integration in South Asia. For example, since 1971 the Indian ruling elite has gradually realised that if outside powers could be excluded from the region, there would not be a single state in South Asia to challenge India either diplomatically or militarily, or both. On the other hand, the elite’s of Sri Lanka and Nepal have an attitude to seek assistance from extra-regional powers. In Pakistan and to some extent in Bangladesh, the ruling elite’s hold anti-Indian attitudes. They frequently express and use those attitudes in their policies and politics. The disproportionate size of the market appears to be one of the most important obstacles to the expansion of trade in South Asia. India is a great economic power in the region. It accounts for 59 percent of the import market, 62 percent of the export earnings, 41 percent the external reserves, 79 percent of manufacturing value added and 68 percent of manufacturing exports. In terms of exportable commodities, India owns over 5,600 commodities to export. Only Pakistan, which has about 4000 commodities, comes next in South Asia. Nevertheless, Pakistan is no match to India in industrial development and size of the market. But the positions of other smaller members of SAARC in this regard are not same. In view of the above, it is evident that the horror of Indian economic supremacy over the economies of the smaller countries is a barrier to trade co-operation in South Asia. India’s economic ascendancy is reproduced in its trade imbalance with almost all the countries of South Asia, except Pakistan. In 1992, India exported US$ 258 million to Bangladesh, US$5 million to Maldives, US$ 85 million to Nepal, US$ 47 million to Pakistan, US$ 192 million to Sri Lanka. In the same year, India imported US$ 5 from Bangladesh, US$ 21 million from Nepal, US$ 149 million from Pakistan and US$ 13 million from Sri Lanka. The strong industrial base, technological development and its comparatively restricted market have given India a predominant position in South Asia. The spill-over effects of the fear of India’s economic domination is also reflected in its neighbour’s psyche. For instance, it is noticeable in the statement of a Pakistani psychoanalyst, who alleged: ‘It will be more apposite to say that Pakistan is not willing to have unregulated trade with India without adequate safeguards for its indigenous industries and comparatively high-wage labour force.’ If passable safeguarding measures that are incorporated in the South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement for least developed members are not properly applied to them, the lopsided size of the market may generate the imbalance basis of trade among the South Asian countries.

The historical events of Bangladesh

There is no denying the fact that in the history of Bangladesh, the three chronological events are well thought-out to raise our heads worldwide as the citizens of a free nation in all sectors of development. After a long and magnificent movement for nine months; our nation's glory and honour has symbolized our growth of economy, social and cultural ambiance in her background to be emerged as an independent state. In my opinion, besides Liberation War and 21st February, the Nobel Peace Prize awarding event has also endorsed the prestige and high honour of our country through out the world. Such unparalleled historical event has unquestionably amplified the earth-shattering of Bangladesh in respect of our history, geography, financial system, tradition, heritage and ethnicity and as such we are in the way to build up our resources so that we can expect more Nobel laureate signifying history for mankind. The three historical events are: the 21st February symbolizing the value and honour of our mother tongue, Liberation War envisaging our emergence as a citizen of a free country and finally, Grameen Bank Project founded by Dr Younus has occupied a great off-planet to alleviate poverty and the sufferings of human beings. Suffice it to say that the movement of 21st February was a call for restoration of democracy for which the non-co-operation movements with the then rulers have been promulgated day by day to achieve independence as an ultimate target. Due to the fact, it was not only their sole desire to make Urdu as a state language but also there were many reasons behind it which may be reflected as Political and educational aggression, to pollute Socio-economic condition, to pollute cultural and traditional affairs, to occupy monopolies over trade and commerce, to handicap people under obligation towards submission, to surpass the people under tyrannous depletion etc and hence in regard to economical aspects in common life, the goods which were produced by our painstaking people from our land and factories were taken to the West Pakistan and priced cheaply in that land but it was costly to us to consume. From such agitation, our movement for independence had been picked up the pace day by day. From such point, it is clear that after the emergence of Bangladesh such profile of economy either Micro or Macro has been achieved due to active intervention of our people in different sectors of development. This identity whatever we posses were not possible if 21st February was not created to retaliate the tyrannical boom of the then rulers of Pakistan. And as such, in this day some young persons of our country have declared indomitable movement to create confrontation against the conspiracy of our mother tongue. They have intensified the movement by degrees and being polemical, the then rulers have invaded them and ultimately they had shot them dead. In view of the aforementioned discussion, it is evident that this is such a movement where our heroes have laid down their lives for the cause of dignity of our mother tongue. In the whole world, such unparalleled movement has never been taken place. Like each year, this year has carried out this day with due somber mood and prominence and as such we celebrate this day with honour according to the heritage of the country. This day is mixed with our Independence Day as if it is mixed with our blood and bone. The heroes who have laid down their lives for the cause of our equality, liberty and national prestige of our country shall remain ever memorable to us. Kh. Atiar Rahman is a distinguished author and a poet. He has unlimited publication in national and international media.

Environment pollution

According to Commoneous, a renowned educationist, " What comes from God is true and with the touch of human beings, it becomes untrue". Again, in this context, Keats says, " The truth is beauty and beauty is truth “. Hence all the sources of beauties and the truth are this world. The world we live in is the most attractive place with striking landscapes and features, wild and domesticated animals, and a variety of odoriferous flowers, evergreen trees and the most wonderful creation of the Lord- the human beings. The world has been created for the human beings so that they would applause the Lord for his power and preserves these natural beauties with undiminished care. But ever since, the world began; man has been doing the opposite thing bit by bit. He has been making progress in science and industry; great deals of landscape and wild life are being abolished day by day. Over population in small areas has given birth to traffic jam and poverty, which destroys the people. Trees have been cut down to make way for construction of modern buildings. Waste disposal is discarded on land and water, which spread mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter the household and sit on food and spray dirt on the food from the waste and many more harmful activities for which man has started to destroy the beauty of the world. In clearing forests to create fields for farming and constructing new houses, man destroys the native animals and takes away their sources of food. His domestic animals kill them or man haunts them for meat, ivory or furs. Consequentially, the numbers of those haunted animals are minimized and a few numbers of these animals’ lives are at stake. The contamination are common phenomena through out the world causing a great crisis against our healthy environment in question. Our environment is greatly being polluted every time due to air and water pollution. Air is mainly being polluted from smokes. When the bricks are burnt, unbounded smokes are created. The compositions of such smoke particles are nicotine, thiophin, Furan, phosgene, sulfur dioxide and pyridine. These particles pollute the air tremendously. The smokes are also created when different vehicles ply over along the streets. For these reasons, all the streets are filled with the smokes that adversely affect the human health conditions. Burning poisonous gases like sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, nitric acids and sulfuric acids, again create the smokes. These particles make the air heavy and polluted. In order to construct buildings, dams and embankments, lots of plants and trees are cut down and subsequently these are burnt for bricks for which air is polluted to a great extent. In the winter-based country, the plants and trees are being planted in the artificial manner by storing sun light under some restricted environment. The things, which are being done in the green house, are the increasing of carbon dioxide, which affects the environment adversely. We need to ensure the proper use of carbon dioxide by growing the plants and trees adequately without which congenital atmosphere for our survival on earth would not have been possible. Kh. Atiar Rahman is a distinguished author and a poet. He has many publication in national and international media. He was born in the former district of kushtia. My other blog is: khatiar2012.wordpress.com

Qualities of a good teacher by Kh. Atiar Rahman

"Learners love me, I love my lovers, Searchers look me in unseen sheet of papers, I am knowledge. “ An American definition of ‘Teaching’ envisages that ‘ Teaching is the consistent and effective transfer of appropriate behaviors which lead to the achievement of predetermined and specified results’. Hence in order to substantiate the purpose of teaching that is the transfer of knowledge to the students properly so that after receiving teachings they can acquire expected knowledge and pre-determined results. Hence a good teacher is he who teaches the students how to lead their lives cleanly and controlled towards acquiring knowledge. A good teacher is vitally important for ideal teachings to the students. He should know the correct way of teaching where the students are inspired to learn and devote themselves to study. A good teacher is an architect for building a good citizen in the country. According to Comoneius, a famous educationist, in order to make teaching successful, the three things are vitally important. These are Good teacher, Good method and Good books. Indeed, a good teacher plays a vital role in making teachings to the students successful. Being a teacher, he should behave in such a way by dint of his own image, voice and body use so that interaction and transfer of behaviour between the teacher and the student are accelerated in a systematic manner. About the image, he needs to behave like the following: - Well-dressed - Well rested and calm & quiet - He has to arrive before the students - He has to greet the students as they arrive - He needs to be enthusiastic about teaching in relevant field - He has to identify and help the less able students - He should remain alert and concentrate on how his students are behaving - He should be an attentive listener - He should think before he speaks - He should remain calm and quiet Assuming in a teaching classroom, computer class on Visual Basic is going on. The students are feeling boring because the teacher was not well dressed and well rested. Rather he has arrived late and he has not greeted them. Some students do not understand his lecture. He is running fast. He is not identifying and helping the less able students. In this case, despite his sound knowledge in the relevant field, he may not be treated as a good teacher. Henry Fayol defines a teacher as an active student of the students who can play very much attractive and fascinate role upon overall performances in the class. Besides this, in order to make our teachings memorable by good preparation, we need to follow as appended below apropos to the use of Voice: - A teacher must start with Bang and end with Bang. - In between check and interaction, a teacher should understand one thing that the students are learning. - To plan for accurate timing - To choose a suitable teaching methods in respect of the students and topics with a great care. And to help the students learn, especially those who are with problems. An ideal teacher needs to play a vital role in active advisor among the students. He needs to be careful about the criteria on Control, Guide, Consult and Facilitate. - Control: To draw up and issue instruction, and stay with the students, closely supervising its action. - Guide to clarify what is required, hand over ownership to students and offer to give advice when they call you. - Consult: To give a broad outline, ask students to discuss ideas and agree actions, using us as a separate expert reference point. - Facilitate to give overall direction, co-ordinate the group's discussion and expect it to produce a progress report. Being a teacher, we need to be very careful in using our voice for effective teaching class. A good teacher need not be excited and agitated towards the students. We should give chance to ask question to the students so that transfer of behaviour is made possible in a significant manner. Sometimes, we forget that we are a teacher and we have a particular job for the students on the concept of learning. According to Franchise Bacon, there are two types of learning: One is Pedagogy- children's learning and the other is Andragoggy- Adult learning. In case of adult learning, we cannot teach anybody, we only help him or her to learn. So in the case of using our voice we need to be responsible and tactful. Hence Somerset Maugham says " It is difficult to pass over the razor's edge, but the wise say the path to salvation is hard “ An ideal teacher needs to be well conversant about using the language. It is indispensable to create awareness and congenial atmosphere on the part of a teacher. In order to develop lecture, group discussion is a vital thing. As a teacher, we have to ensure that group performance is effective. Apropos to the teaching method, the following are important to apply in teaching the students virtually. 1. Telling is not teaching 2. Age is not a bar to learn 3. Meaningful learning experience 4. Voice, image and body use 5. Practically oriented way of teaching 6. Repeat, Recap and Review In view of the above, a good teacher selects any method to teach the students but according to Franchise Bacon, most of the good teachers select the sixth Rule of teaching that is ‘ Repeat, Recap, Review ‘ which is the most important one to make the teaching vitally effective, meaningful, fruitful and up to the mark The reasons in support of the argument are stated as follows. (a) Repeat: According to Franchise Bacon, ‘when you tell something in the class to a group of students, it is only a saying but when you recapitulate it, repeat it and ask the question on the progress, it will be interacted and if you further emphasize the concept, they will be conversant with the relevant knowledge’. Indeed, in case of delivering an important message, if it is stated once-only 10% will be memorized but if it is stated 6 times then 90% are memorized after one year. So, reiteration/repetition is the most important tools for the teaching to make the topics memorable. If the message is not remembered and understandable then the whole thing will be treated as useless. (b) Recap: It is generally meant by recap to go over again the vital point of the relevant contents. Using FULLE-R and VHF for better memorization can do the recap. As the first events are best memorized so to start with big message. Thereafter unusual event like cartoon, exercise etc.be used. Thirdly, linked event, here mnemonics or analogy can be used and lastly to end with big messages of fascination towards the topics. In this context, summing up the ideas to arrive the conclusion that is the gist in question to be communicated to the students as a good communicator of the teaching course. We should remember one thing that ‘ Telling is not teaching; we need to make teaching active and interesting; get students involved; see it from the student's view; we should use VHF and FULL-R. According to Comoneus, a famous educationist, for an effective teaching, ‘only lecture is immaterial but in order to ornament it for better memorization, ideal approach, demonstration, visual display and varieties of attractions of the students are needed' (b) Review: A proverb always goes like ‘ To err is human’. It is human nature to forget the things/message, which is not reviewed that are we losing what we don't review. To review we are to regularly sum up where we have reached and invited questions. At the end of every topics if the teacher repeats, recap and review, ask questions and help them to answer properly, the students will be more motivated and conversant with the subjects and grasp it properly so that teaching will be effective and fruitful. That is to say, a teacher's behaviour will be in such, which must attract the students for effective and efficient teaching. In delivering lecture, there are limitations, which may create hindrance to learning on the part of the students. Sometimes the lecture may be monotonous and boring due to continuous saying. If there exists dryness amongst the students, the teacher should change the policy of his lecture. He should ask open-ended questions. Open ended question help get students involved. Assuming to know a particular thing, one may get interested if he is intended to know those particular items. An ideal teacher needs to be well conversant about using the language. It is indispensable to create awareness and congenial atmosphere on the part of a teacher. Otherwise, we have to live in the midst of frustration and unlawful activities where there will be no light of education as a symbol of blaze illumination and peace and prosperity of life. In this context, William Shakespeare says: "Out! Out! A brief candle, A life's but a walking shadow, A poor player! That struts and frets his hour Upon the stage! And then is heard no more, It is a tale; Told by an idiot, It is full of sound and fury; Signifying nothing. " Kh. Atiar Rahman is a distinguished author and a poet. He has unlimited publication in national and international media.

The concept of immoral activities ingrained in social life by Kh. Atiar Rahman

God has boosted people to the terrain with all crucial things inevitably imperative for their survival. God has also sent them some rules for leading their lives controlled and cleanly and as such he has accordingly bestowed upon some rules and regulation so that human beings can lead his life by following these instructions. If they go out of these rules, they become flummoxed what to do. Corruption lies in rendering services in the field of both private and public sector. When a man relapses himself, he stigmatizes himself by entering into the world of diffuseness as well as fallacious from where he can never get rid of. He commits crime, such as smuggling, robbing, murdering, snatching and dilapidation etc. Failure waits for him everywhere. Even if, he is attracted by innumerable deadly forbidden things. Being educated, he becomes addicted to evil works in society. In many times, it is observed that he becomes ambitious and many harmful activities are performed in social life. It is a matter of great regrets that being corrupt and heinous work, the society cannot consider him as an evil person; never the less; every body is in the way to run after such outlawed things. In many times the terror leaders welcome him and encourage him to do the forbidden things. Thus a person becomes the leader of the country and occupies a very influential position in the society by doing all the forbidden things like bribing, mal practicing and thieving. Youth is the best season of good harvest and as such it is like mild mud and henceforth, he needs to proceed his life very carefully. Mainly for these three reasons, we are loosing many brightly illuminated resource personnel to place them on the basis of ‘Right man for the right place’ of our country. We need to end all these frolicsome activities. We must come across some way to get rid of mischievous debris and save the bewildered people of our country. The Government also should take actions against such awful activities. First of all, the people here should be aware of the explosion of population and they must not possess more than two children. Secondly, we need to be careful about making friendship, so that we don't have any bad company. And at last, we must have to recognize the importance of education. No matter how poor we are, we have to try our level best to gain knowledge. In this context, Socrates said, " Knowledge is virtue, from knowledge, virtue and goodness flourish; from ignorance, he said, all that is evil. " Kh. Atiar Rahman is a distinguished author and a poet. He has many publication in national and international mediaThe

The role of strategic management in fulfilling the reforms of Financial Management system

There is no denying the fact that virtually Bangladesh espoused the philosophy of a well-built status area in the cost-cutting measure associated with the then customary dreams of communalism after the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. The public sector in Bangladesh has been flourishing by leaps and bounds until 1980 where Bangladesh has preferred the trail of a market economy for expansion by pursuing its economic detection. Although carrying out successive research, Governments have geared up in such manner so that they would like to incise public expenditure radically, but they have not succeeded. For the reason that the lower middle class and the people below the poverty line are continuing to show support for most services provided by the Government. It may be mentioned here that about 60% of the total population of Bangladesh belongs to this group. Reforms and changes undertaken by the World Bank (WB) supported Sectoral Adjustment Programs have raised serious questions about the way the public services are run and how users are treated. Managers and politicians at central level have had to rethink about the management of public sector institutions in Bangladesh. Most of the reforms and changes have been based on two main ideas: firstly reduced public spending and secondly, the market mechanism is a good thing, if a market style of relationship is suitable, it should be introduced. In many respects the public sector is different from private sector. In public sector the activities of the Government are rarely based on the need to attract customers. Prices are not normally set to maximize profits or market shares. Investment decisions are not generally based on prospective profit. Motivation may even be different; earnings do not wholly motivate managers and workers. " What all this means is that the values require to run the public services are different from those required to run a successful business. For example, it is rarely appropriate to withdraw from parts of the 'market' because they are no longer profitable. 'Customers' who cannot afford to pay still have entitlements, which they would not have if they were receiving service from the business. Those entitlements derive from citizenship and social policy rather than from cash" Flynn further argues that values of equity and justice have to play a part in the management in a way that would be irrelevant to most business. 16% of total GDP is controlled by the public sector in Bangladesh. Even today the public sector is the biggest employer in Bangladesh (Ministry of Planning, 2000). Any reduction in the size of the public sector would be a painful job for the politicians. In response to the growing demand for public accountability and improved performance, public management scholars and practitioners have been coalescing for quite some time around the theme of which have been identified by Hood as being, 'New Public Management is .... the idea of a shift in emphasis from policy making to management skills, from a stress on process to a stress on output, from orderly hierarchies to an intendedly more competitive basis for providing public services, from fixed to variable pay and from a uniform and inclusive public service to variant structure with more emphasis on contract provision' Hood (1995, p-95) It is argued by strategists like Joyce (1999), Quinn (1995) and others that in the organizations of any size and complexity, it is possible to manage for result in the long or short run without a well-developed capacity for strategic management process to provide a coherent approach to establishing, attaining, monitoring and updating an agency's agenda. Joyce (1999) claims that strategic management can help new public services emerge. It can do this by helping to decide what should be done and how it should be done and by creating the dialogue and consensus need to make the changes. He further argues that in the absence of effective strategic management, the new public management services will still emerge, but in more haphazard way. Strategic management, when practiced well, can help to call for transformation to occur more efficiently and creatively. He further states that this is not to say that strategic management is a magic word, or that it can be continued on to work perfectly every time. It is certainly not a simple method of bringing about fundamental changes. One of the key challenges for public services management in the years ahead is to find out ways in which strategic management may be developed and applied to ensure that both performance and innovation are achieved in the interest of better public services. Strategic management is not a linear process of planning, implementation and evaluation rather it entails managing a public agency from a strategic perspective on an ongoing basis to ensure that strategic plans are kept current and they are effectively driving other management process. Both public and private sector strategic management models identify the processes of the strategic management and establish relation between the steps to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness. Some of those models are specially developed for public sector, in particular for developing countries. Some these models help to increase the capacity of the decision makers to align mission and organizational design with a dynamic environment. " It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, no more doubtful of successful, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things" In view of the above it is evident that the long term plan like strategic management influences to achieve target ed success in reaching a certain goal in question. Everything is possinle.

War against socially immoral evil forces

There is no denying the fact that the problem of our modern dilemma lies with the wrestle against the illicit drug trafficking and the spread of drug addiction. Nowadays this difficulty is extremely heightened and as such it is openly connected with the success of the fight against crime, or failure if we poorly fight the phenomenon which is the burning question of the day and indeed a whole variety of social and economic issues. And of course it is most strongly knotted with the number one theme in the world – the struggle against terrorism. Narco-business is one of the financial sources for terrorist groups and bandit gangs. It is well known that 80 percent of heroin is supplied to the world market from some sources involving in terrorism and social immoral activities. And gunmen of certain movements control drug transfer from there to Central Asia and on to Europe through Russia. Terrorism and drugs are absolutely kindred phenomena. They have common roots and similar destructive power. Terrorism, just as narco-business, has a ramified international network and without doubt bears a transnational character. Narco-business also has a pronounced economic aspect. For this reasons, drug addiction as a medical and social phenomenon doesn’t exist without a criminal narco-market network as well as drug sales. In recent survey it has been detected many countries have today become a colossal user of the narco-potion. Today, according to official data alone, there are about 269,000 drug addicts and there exists more than the actual figure for drug users is much higher. Moreover, the narco-market structure is changing. The drug producers have a conspicuous growth of the share of highly concentrated drugs, and in the first place Afghan heroin, the proportion of which in total drug use constitutes 28 percent out. In the hyper critical state of Modern world, there grows local drug production in the country, including that of synthetic drugs, cheap and producing instant dependence. What’s particularly dangerous is that the number of such laboratories by some expert estimates has greatly increased in Russia in recent years. Unfortunately, the social base of drug addiction is expanding. Today this disease has percolated to all sections of society, encompassing the territory – world wide, especially the depressed areas. This is leading to an avalanche-like spread of AIDS. By experts’ estimates as revealed so far in the world statistics, 90 percent of the HIV-infected catch the virus precisely through intravenous drug use. As before, most of the drug addicts – up to 53 percent – are persons with no definite occupation. It is they who strengthen the army of distributors now as well, which in its turn gives go up to a crime flare. The melancholic strain is that drug addiction has got much younger. The total number of sick persons has increased by nine times over the recent period, and among adolescents by 17 times. The “average age” of those who have for the first time tasted drugs barely exceeds 14 years. In drug trafficking In this context, it is evident from the recent survey, Russia is not only a “terminal,” but also a transshipment point. Drug syndicates have undertaken a real expansion in Russia. It has become a favorable transit passageway for them. By experts’ estimates, one dollar invested in a narcotic – for example, in Afghanistan – grows into super profits after the sale of the drug item in European countries. And the overall volume of your and our market – the Russian market – exceeds 1 billion dollars. Power agencies obviously put up with the brunt of the fight against the drug mafia. Here we will inevitably have to strengthen, both financially and with cadres, all of the services that are associated with this kind of activity – the fight against the drug mafia. By the detention of drug goods alone we cannot solve this problem. Only a small part of merchandise gets confiscated. Experience shows that the detainees are mostly petty retailers, and sometimes also those who need being treated themselves. In this connection it is time in general to revise the criteria of work in this direction. We must put up a barrier to all the ways for drug penetration into illegal trade, smash the infrastructure of drug networks and eliminate demand. The reasons for the powerful drug “invasion” lie not only in the proximity of the countries of the Golden Crescent. For it there are loopholes in Russia itself – financial, legal, and administrative and, of course, social. In addition to one more important aspect of the problem – the attitude to this question of society itself. Drugs are percolating even to social institutions which are responsible for the upbringing of young people baptized to serve as an blockage to drug pushers, the enlightening institutions, regrettably, are fetching a bridgehead for drug allocation. We’re encountering the indifference of both the school and parents. Today every fifth recruit brings to the army with him an experience of drug use with all the ensuing consequences for security agencies. Drug use should not be allowed to become a subculture or fashion. Unfortunately, we’re observing signs of this. Even worse, books are being freely sold that propagate a “narcotic lifestyle.” All of these manifestations of a grave social disease have to be fought by legal and administrative and educational methods. Here a substantial workload falls on legislators, legislation in all-purpose, and law enforcement practice. Changes ought to be directed toward stiffening criminal responsibility for the most dangerous narco-crimes. Thought should also be given to the introduction of a practice of replacing punishment with coercive treatment for drug addicts. Marijuana and hashish are those drugs produced from the plant Indian hemp and accordingly, visible effects of the drugs including reddening of the eyes caused by distention of blood vessels, and enlargement of the pupils. Effects on the mind vary and in general visual awareness is increased and ideas flow more quickly. These drugs are not addictive and there is no evidence that they harm the body. There is a jeopardy, however, that the drug taker’s sense of judgment will be distorted so that reckless or foolish behavior can result. Lysergic acid DI-ethyl amide (LSD) is an example of a hallucinogenic drug, so called because it gives rise to dramatic eccentricity. The effects of LSD trip are erratic and seem to depend upon the mood of the user without more ado before taking the drug. It could for instance intensify awareness and perception to the point at which the user undergoes mystical experiences or it may intensify a depressed, fearful or agitated mood with horrendous results. One more problem with LSD is that very miniature quantities have powerful effects, and since illegitimately formed drugs vary in quality drug takers can never be sure how much they are taking. An overdose of LSD can result in insanity or death. Another problem with LSD is that very small quantities have powerful effects, and since illegally produced drugs are extracted from the seed capsules of the opium poppy. Opiates are medically important as painkillers. But drug takers use them because they give rise to approach of well beings, pleasure, and power. It may be apologetic to articulate when the effects wear off the taker becomes anxious and depressed and is tempered to take another dose to restore a good mood, a course that can lead to addiction. Morphine, heroine, and other drugs that are often injected involve the risk of infection from dirt hypodermic needles. Besides this, Barbiturates and amphetamines are used immediately to relieve anxiety and as sleeping pills. But they are dangerous because the dosage must be continually increased to be effective. Barbiturates are often used in combination with amphetamines and other stimulants. These reduce the sleepiness induced by barbiturates with a feeling of mental alertness. Amphetamines harm the health by reducing the appetite, by causing sleeplessness, and by reducing the body’s ability to fight infection. Hence it is clear that the drug as have been reflected so far is illegal unless they are used under medical supervision. The illegal use or sale of these drugs can result in colossal punishment under the enactment of the government as implied. In view of the above it is evident that the possibility of providing castigation for drug advocacy needs to be geared up. The state parties ought not to limit to isolated establishments, every one on behalf of the state need to create a network of healing centers where up-and-coming methods of treatment and return of people to a normal social life should be the prime factor. Regrettably, drug addiction has ceased to be a “disease of the rich only,” and hence we must expand the network of state institutions for the poor. But at the same time we need to develop and create a transparent legal base for the work of private sectors. An important set of tasks is connected with the eradication of financial channels for narco-business, which can be cut off not only by fighting against unlawful elements, but also through the use of a whole system of special measures as a tentative flow.

One who lags behind

One Who Lags Behind

There is no denying the fact that a child is only a child, not a boy, not girl and in preservation of the rights of the children, the role of media cannot be ignored. They can focus the neglected children who are living beyond poverty and scattered here and there and even in remote places. Due to poverty and underdeveloped socio-economic factors in the country, the children are lying neglected and are compelled to engage themselves in reprehensible profession like begging, thieving and pick-pocketing etc., and in this connection it is noted that ours is a developing country and the rate of child labour is increasing day by day.

The only reason is illiteracy and poverty for which we are losing bright manpower every time. The respective media should explore such neglected talents and should create the awareness for the wealthy people who have capacity to educate them. The government should hunt and assemble them for their best education for which the proper citizen of the country will be developed in a systematic manner. The States Parties of the world should recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement. In UN charter, it has been stated that the States Parties should recognize for every child the right to assistance from social safekeeping, including social indemnity and should take the necessary measures to accomplish the full awareness of this right in harmony with their general law.

 It has been stated the States Parties should esteem the right of the child who is estranged from one or both parents to preserve personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child''s best interests. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party should, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child.

States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person concerned. To comprehend how women executive in higher-ranking levels in organizations in the world distinguish their roles, how they feel they are being perceived and what strategies they currently use to ensure their effectiveness within their organizations, Louise Coyle, a renowned economist, conducted a research work in 1996 on the role of in a developing country and her research phenomena she accomplished that these women worked within the establishment of their own organization, indeed they were part of the establishment and as such would not overtly acknowledge that discrimination takes place.

In a survey of corporate men and women, Hennig and Jardim, distinguished economists concluded the idea in 1996 in the sense that the male and female do have different beliefs, attitude and assumptions about themselves and each other, and about organizations and managerial careers. These differences result in female styles, emphases and responses that are functional for success in management. 

Modern Database Panorama

There is no denying the fact that Computing technology has made a permanent change in the ways businesses work around the world. Information that was at one time stored in warehouses full of filing cabinets can now be accessed instantaneously at the click of a mouse button. Orders placed by customers in foreign countries can now be instantly processed on the floor of a manufacturing facility. Even though 20 years ago much of this information had been transported onto corporate mainframe databases, offices still operated in a batch-processing environment. If a query needed to be performed, someone notified the management information systems department; the requested data was delivered as soon as possible. In addition to the development of the relational database model, two technologies led to the rapid growth of what are now called client/server database systems.. The vital decision for a database designer, after the hardware platform and the RDBMS have been preferred, is the structure of the tables. Decisions made at this stage of the design can affect performance and programming later during the development process. The process of separating data into distinct, unique sets is called normalization. The next important technology was the local area network and its integration into offices across the world. Although users were accustomed to terminal connections to a corporate mainframe, now word processing files could be stored locally within an office and accessed from any computer attached to the network. According to Dr. Codd, the term SQL can be confusing. The S, for Structured, and the L, for Language, is undemanding enough, but the Q is a little misleading. Q, of course, stands for "Query," which--if taken literally--would restrict you to asking the database questions. But SQL does much more than ask questions. With SQL you can also create tables, add data, delete data, splice data together, trigger actions based on changes to the database, and store your queries within your program or database. Unfortunately, there is no good substitute for Query. Obviously, Structured Add Modify Delete Join Store Trigger and Query Language (SAMDJSTQL) is a bit cumbersome. In the interest of harmony, we will stay with SQL. However, you now know that its function is bigger than its name. The most commonly used statement in SQL is the SELECT statement (see Day 2, "Introduction to the Query: The SELECT Statement"), which retrieves data from the database and returns the data to the user. The EMPLOYEE table example illustrates a typical example of a SELECT statement situation. In addition to the SELECT statement, SQL provides statements for creating new databases, tables, fields, and indexes, as well as statements for inserting and deleting records. Access is very easy to use. We can use GUI tools or manually enter your SQL statements. In view of the above discussion, it is obvious that in creating an object oriented programming software, the importance SQL is inevitable. In integrating parent-child relationship, SQL is very important. From SQL, Insert, Update and Delete Command are helpful. In a nut shell, we exercise Oracle7, which represent the larger corporate database world, to demonstrate command-line SQL and database management techniques. These techniques are imperative for the reason that the days of the standalone machine are drawing to an end, as are the days when expressive one database or one in commission system was enough. In command-line, simple stand+one SQL statements are entered into Oracle''s SQL*Plus tool. This tool then returns data to the screen for the user to see, or it performs the apposite action on the database. Most examples are directed toward the beginning programmer or first-time user of SQL. We begin with the simplest of SQL statements and advance to the topics of transaction running and stored procedure programming. In view of the above discussion, it is significanthat the Oracle RDBMS is circulated with a full complement of development tools. It comprises a C++ and Visual Basic language library (Oracle Objects for OLE) that can link an application to a Personal Oracle database. It also comes with graphical tools for database, user, and object administration, as well as the SQL*Loader utility, which is used to introduce internally and send abroad data to and from Oracle as a tentative flow Source: http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1731577-modern-database-panorama/#ixzz3Flbvo6Si

Indoor Pollution

According to Commoneous, a renowned educationists," What comes from God is true and with the touch of human beings, it becomes untrue". Again, in this context, Keats says," The truth is beauty and beauty is truth ". Hence all the sources of beauties and the truth are this world. The world we live in is the most attractive place with striking landscapes and features, wild and domesticated animals, and a variety of odoriferous flowers, evergreen trees and the most wonderful creation of the Lord- the human beings. The world has been created for the human beings so that they would applause the Lord for his power and preserves these natural beauties with undiminished care. But ever since, the world began; man has been doing the opposite thing bit by bit. He has been making progress in science and industry; great deals of landscape and wild life are being abolished day by day. Over population in small areas has given birth to traffic jam and poverty, which destroys the people. Trees have been cut down to make way for construction of modern buildings. Waste disposal is discarded on land and water, which spread mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter the household and sit on food and spray dirt on the food from the waste and many more harmful activities for which man has started to destroy the beauty of the world. In clearing forests to create fields for farming and constructing new houses, man destroys the native animals and takes away their sources of food. His domestic animals kill them or man haunts them for meat, ivory or furs. Consequentially, the numbers of those haunted animals are minimized and a few numbers of these animals'' lives are at stake. The contaminations are common phenomena through out the world causing a great crisis against our healthy environment in question. Our environment is greatly being polluted every time due to air and water pollution. Air is mainly being polluted from smokes. When the bricks are burnt, unbounded smokes are created. The compositions of such smoke particles are nicotine, thiophin, Furan, phosgene, sulfur dioxide and pyridine. These particles pollute the air tremendously. The smokes are also created when different vehicles ply over along the streets. For these reasons, all the streets are filled with the smokes that adversely affect the human health conditions. Burning poisonous gases like sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, nitric acids and sulfuric acids, again create the smokes. These particles make the air heavy and polluted. In view of the above, it is evident that in order to construct buildings, dams and embankments, lots of plants and trees are cut down and subsequently these are burnt for bricks for which air is polluted to a great extent. In the winter-based country, the plants and trees are being planted in the artificial manner by storing sun light under some restricted environment. In view of the above discussion, it is obvious that the things which are being done in the green house, are the increasing of carbon dioxide, which affects the environment adversely. We need to ensure the proper use of carbon dioxide by growing the plants and trees adequately without which congenital atmosphere for our survival on earth would not have been possible. Finally, we should find out ways and means to save our environment from being polluted of our environment. We should also look after our indoor environment where in all of our daily intervention of work, our indoor environment is always being polluted. We should be careful in handling our daily need so that our daily debris emanating from our continuous house-hold affairs so that we can save ourselves from health hazards as a tentative flow Source: http://www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/1728320-indoor-pollution/#ixzz3FlbTM5dS

Adolescent Accusation

There is no denying the fact that a child is only a child, not a boy, not girl and in preservation of the rights of the children, the role of media cannot be ignored. They can focus the neglected children who are living beyond poverty and scattered here and there and even in remote places. Due to poverty and underdeveloped socio-economic factors in the country, the children are lying neglected and are compelled to engage themselves in reprehensible profession like begging, thieving and pick-pocketing etc., and in this connection it is noted that ours is a developing country and the rate of child labour is increasing day by day. The only reason is illiteracy and poverty for which we are losing bright manpower every time. The respective media should explore such neglected talents and should create the awareness for the wealthy people who have capacity to educate them. The government should hunt and assemble them for their best education for which the proper citizen of the country will be developed in a systematic manner. The States Parties of the world should recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement. In UN charter, it has been stated that the States Parties should recognize for every child the right to assistance from social safekeeping, including social indemnity and should take the necessary measures to accomplish the full awareness of this right in harmony with their general law. It has been stated that the States Parties should esteem the right of the child who is estranged from one or both parents to safeguard personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child''s best interests. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, captivity, exile, deportation or death including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party should, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the location of the absent member of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person concerned. Because of the above, it is evident that the children who are neglected and living in the slums and in the open square that have no home and hearth, they should be found out with a great care. Even the private organizations who are working on human rights, they should settle them properly with fundamental rights like food, shelter and clothing. Thereafter, they should be provides with proper education as the human rights people of UNDP are working in Ethiopia. In our country Bangladesh, I propose to set up a Ministry to hunt for such children who are moving from door to door and living in the open square. This ministry may be established on human rights, I don’t know whether it is existing in other countries, but for me , the children who are very neglected and counting days to embrace death, they should be protected in terms of humanity which is echoed by all countries virtually Source: http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1728307-adoloscent-accusation/#ixzz3FlayOUoi

The dangers of overpopulation

The Dangers of Overpopulation

There is no denying the fact that Bangladesh is an overpopulated country, for which its economic as well as financial stringency always remains in shortage stage. Due to overpopulation, wants are unlimited but resources are limited for which her economy is running through mixed economic system. Since, the country which is over populated can face lots of problems. These problems are food, shelter, and clothing and even in all levels of development, over population cannot be treated as a good symptom. In Asia, Europe Latin America and even in some parts of Australia, there is tremendous pressure on their national growth. In China, there are lots of problems emanating from heavy rush of population phenomena. Per Capita income of china is 25 dollar but the market prices are higher, so being an over populated country, the resources are always sparse.

The birth control system of China is not restricted. The people who are educated and honest can adopt such policy, as compared to China and India, the growth rate of population census in Bangladesh is at satisfactory standard. The land is vastly dominated where the no. of population is at minimum level. In Great Britain, per capita income of the people is $30 dollar, and as such it is possible for them to survive with the resources what they have. The problems of United Kingdom are as follows: Due to discrimination of castes, and creeds, regional populations are over populated and vast. The people lived by farming cannot take birth control system. Some people in some parts of Great Britain are very conservative and being such clamorous, they are not found so much interested in doing so. Some business men in Wales and Bristol are wealthy and highly influential in respect of family tradition, birth and tribe.

They always give their verdict in keeping more children. In London, most of the people are well educated and ambitious and as a result, they are very much hopeful to adopt such birth control system. In 1980, the number of population was 20 million, but presently this population has augmented to 21.5 million. According to Thomas Malthus and L. Robinson, the power of population is undoubtedly greater than the power in the earth to produce valuables materials for humans. Presently, there are not enough amenities for every man on earth because in order to strike back famine, food is not strewn extensively.

The reasons are mainly bedded on political, economic and social factors. In this connection, that the earth’s population is augmenting each year, the forecasting measurement could be realistic to face challenges in near future. In this respect, his prediction has in the meantime become real to some specific issues. In order to strengthen the population control programme a better awareness among literate and illiterate need to be created so that the over burden of population can be checked. It is evident that the uses of practices of such abortion need to be externalized. Abortion is a useful tool for population control.

If it was not practiced, the population would be unjust aim able for the planet. Over population is one of the major problem connected with regions where birth control system are low, although over population is primarily a problem in a developing countries. There are lots of complications that arise when over population occurs. In most developing countries that are over populated, they contain lots of economic problems. There are often high employment rates because there are no jobs in the economy for everyone.

As unemployment rates rise, poverty rises as well without adequate supply of food, unemployment rises. This is not lobe alder. As far an example- in crowded regions, where population density is high, there is a higher rustic of handling money, far which curse starts against them. In view of the above, it is obvious that over population is a great threadbare of economics. It creates unemployment for which the social economic condition of the people situates at low level. Birth control system is highly appreciated nowadays for which the poorer countries are adopting these policies. Abortion is helpful in controlling over population by way of preventing a whole range of other problems.

The problems are sequentially great in Africa; these problems are vast and intricate. In South Africa, the people are mostly ignorant and not much educated for which they always suffer from various problems and scarcity of wealth. In one family, it has been found out on a statistics that they possess 10 children each family. As compared to Bangladesh, the birth rate is 21.6% whereas this percentage amounts 40% in South Africa. Source: http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1728164-prevent-populated-countries-populated/#ixzz3FlaSeTty

The World Around Us

According to Commoneous, a renowned educationist,” What comes from God is true and with the touch of human beings, it becomes untrue”. Again, in this context, Keats says,” The truth is beauty and beauty is truth “. Hence all the sources of beauties and the truth are this world. The world we live in is the most attractive place with striking landscapes and features, wild and domesticated animals, and a variety of odoriferous flowers, evergreen trees and the most wonderful creation of the Lord- the human beings.

The world has been created for the human beings so that they would applause the Lord for his power and preserves these natural beauties with undiminished care. But ever since, the world began; man has been doing the opposite thing bit by bit. He has been making progress in science and industry; great deals of landscape and wild life are being abolished day by day. Over population in small areas has given birth to traffic jam and poverty, which destroys the people. Trees have been cut down to make way for construction of modern buildings. Waste disposal is discarded on land and water, which spread mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter the household and sit on food and spray dirt on the food from the waste and many more harmful activities for which man has started to destroy the beauty of the world. In clearing forests to create fields for farming and constructing new houses, man destroys the native animals and takes away their sources of food. His domestic animals kill them or man haunts them for meat, ivory or furs. Consequentially, the numbers of those haunted animals are minimized and a few numbers of these animals’ lives are at stake. The contamination are common phenomena through out the world causing a great crisis against our healthy environment in question. Our environment is greatly being polluted every time due to air and water pollution. Air is mainly being polluted from smokes.

When the bricks are burnt, unbounded smokes are created. The compositions of such smoke particles are nicotine, thiophin, Furan, phosgene, sulfur dioxide and pyridine. These particles pollute the air tremendously. The smokes are also created when different vehicles ply over along the streets. For these reasons, all the streets are filled with the smokes that adversely affect the human health conditions. Burning poisonous gases like sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, nitric acids and sulfuric acids, again create the smokes.

 These particles make the air heavy and polluted. In order to construct buildings, dams and embankments, lots of plants and trees are cut down and subsequently these are burnt for bricks for which air is polluted to a great extent. In the winter-based country, the plants and trees are being planted in the artificial manner by storing sun light under some restricted environment. The things, which are being done in the green house, are the increasing of carbon dioxide, which affects the environment adversely. We need to ensure the proper use of carbon dioxide by growing the plants and trees adequately without which congenital atmosphere for our survival on earth would not have been possible.