The sun set scene beside the ocean- Atlantic

The sunset scene beside the ocean- Atlantic

The sunset scene beside the Atlantic Ocean

The event that flashed upon my inner eye

As if lost babies had fallen down into the hole

Where the dark clouds moved to and fro

To have the restive layers underneath.

The woodland fell asleep among creepers

Herbs, plants and trees for the flower wreath

To switch over the dearth claims

Like snatching the golden opportune moment

In the daylight of the signatories

Forever lasting the seaside wavering speed.

The sun rises and sets as a rule

From the creation of the earth to flourish

Plants and trees, the mines and the holes

Underneath the ground or on the planets

Above the earth to the stream of the river

In the sea and the ocean forever.

In the light and the dark, life goes

Forever the race as usual,

In the sense of the elements where

There is no system to grow lining

The strain of the vital force stitched

Under the system, as in vague to pry

Into the clouds, a thriving thunderstorm

On the fearful meadow to smidgen and prelude.

Chemical Bonds in Metals and Non-metals

Chemical Bonds in Metals and Non-metals

There is no denying that Forces, Electrons, and Bonds in CHEMISTRY CATEGORIES are the basic building blocks of all types of matter. Atoms link to other atoms through chemical bonds, resulting from the strong attractive forces that exist between the atoms. It is a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact. The electrons that participate in chemical bonds are the valence electrons, which are the electrons found in an atom's outermost shell. When two atoms approach each other, their outer electrons interact. Electrons repel each other, yet they are attracted to the protons within atoms.

The interplay of forces results in some atoms forming bonds with each other and sticking together. The two main types of bonds formed between atoms are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. An ionic bond is formed when one atom accepts or donates one or more of its valence electrons to another atom. A covalent bond is formed when atoms share valence electrons. The atoms do not always share the electrons equally, so a polar covalent bond (a polar covalent bond is such where the atoms do not share the electrons equally) may be the result. When electrons are shared by two metallic atoms, a metallic bond may be formed. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between two atoms. The electrons that participate in metallic bonds may be shared between any of the metal atoms in the region. • If the electronegativity values of two atoms are similar. • Metallic bonds form between two metal atoms. • Covalent bonds form between two non-metal atoms. • Nonpolar covalent bonds form when the electronegativity values are very similar. Carbon Compounds There are more carbon compounds than there are compounds of all other elements combined. The study of carbon compounds, both natural and synthetic, is called organic chemistry. Plastics, foods, textiles, and many other common substances contain carbon. Hydrocarbon fuels (e.g., natural gas), marsh gas, and the gases resulting from the combustion of fuels (e.g., carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) are compounds of carbon.

With oxygen and a metallic element, carbon forms many important carbonates, such as calcium carbonate (limestone) and sodium carbonate (soda). Certain active metals react with it to make industrially important carbides, such as silicon carbide (an abrasive known as carborundum), calcium carbide, used for producing acetylene gas, and tungsten carbide, an extremely hard substance used for rock drills and metalworking tools. Polar covalent bonds form when the electronegativity values are a little further apart. The Mole and Avogadro's Constant Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Applications of the Mole 3. Practice Problems 4. Answers to Practice Problems THE MOLE The mole, abbreviated mol, is an SI unit which measures the number of particles in a specific substance. One mole is equal to 6.02214179 × 1023 atoms, or other elementary units such as molecules.

The number of moles in a system can be determined using the atomic mass of an element, which can be found on the periodic table. This mass is usually an average of the abundant forms of that element found on earth. 

The Adverse Effects of Yaba Addiction Upon Society of Youth

It is noticeable that presently, the young groups are being habituated day by day in taking yaba and push them into the murky world from where; there is little chance to come back in normal life. When a person is obsessed to such toxic drug, some changes appear gloomily in his normal activities in his whole physical state of affairs. Some changes may happen in his overall mental physique; he cannot sleep at night, he talks nineteen to the dozen in a meaningless way, he feels intense headache and diminutive hunger, his hallucination and thought turn hazy where all of them result from break down of nervous system and damage of neuron bound step by step. Virtually, such symptoms are not the actual symptoms of a man who enjoys sound body as well as sound mind. Suffice it to say, feeling sickness every time may be collectively presumed as the characteristics of yaba infected persons. With taking yaba, people become physically and mentally sick and as such, after being addicted, they behave abnormally like being jealousy, crazy, hypocrite and mentally being disrobed, he cannot behave like a healthy man; rather, his attitude and feelings turn into a strange dealing by his flow of movement, talking, walking and his general locomotion of life. Such behavioral patterns indicate the dealings like lower animals of neurotic creatures, far away from human beings. For this reason, the healthy society believes that the resources of the drug addict person have been robbed and he has been smart over night. In view of the above, it is evident that being addicted in such dreadful drugs they may be inclined to behave like the smart boy who is bedded on wrong conception on smartness and personality. Smartness emanate from the principle of integrity, faith, justice and tranquility. They are usually found committing mistakes in defining smartness and modernity. They develop a passion for it and make it

The conflicts of ethnic groups of South Asian Regions

The conflicts of ethnic groups of South Asian Regions

Like chalk and cheese, the ethnic groups in South Asian regions sometimes create insurgency problems in South Asia. This is one of the reasons for distrust between the South Asian states. As India charges Bangladesh for providing arms to Indian ethnic groups who are skirmishing for autonomy, on the other hand, Bangladesh blames India for philanthropic shelter and arms to Bangladeshi insurgents. An ethnic crisis between the Tamil and Sinhalese creates bottlenecks between Sri Lanka and India.

It is commonlyly trust in Sri Lanka that Indian support for Tamil people has shaped this ethnic crisis. In relation to broaden our horizons, Indian ethnic groups sometime create domestic crisis, which has stern impacts in other countries of the region. Language differentiation creates hazards of communication among the South Asian people. If we glance at Latin America, we observe that Spanish is a widespread language there, which helps build up better communication among the countries. On the other hand, in South Asia, most of the states have more than one language. For case in point, people in the south India do not appreciate Hindi and Hindi interpolation people often do not realize other languages. Sometime it creates separation movement also. For example when Urdu was declared as the state language of Pakistan, the Bengali people in the eastern wing of Pakistan started their language movement, which eventually became the separation movement. Similarly, when Sinhalese was declared as the state language of Sri Lanka, the Tamil minorities started their separation movement from Sri Lanka. As compared to other regions, the differences in size and population are very high among the South Asian countries. The disparities between India and the other states are striking. India’s protective size is nearly four times that of Pakistan and its population is five times larger than Pakistan. India’s region is more than three thousand times as large as that of Maldives and the difference in population is similar. Bhutan is also a very small country as compared to India. The great diversity in size, population creates predicament and as such India is not only bigger than other members of SAARC, but is also bigger than all the others put together. This creates psychological problem for the smaller countries. In the region India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have access to the sea, Sri Lanka and Maldives are island states and Nepal and Bhutan are land locked. Indian protestation is a predicament for Nepal to take pleasure in transit services has accessible by Bangladesh.

The Geographical locations of Nepal and Bhutan have made them dependent upon India. For example, in 1979, the Janata government of India removed its objection of transit facility to Nepal. After that Nepal established a transit liaison office at Chittagong (Bangladesh port) to handle its export and imports from overseas countries via Bangladesh. Geographical differences of south Asia are such that India separates one smaller neighbour from the other. All countries of South Asia have common boundaries with India, except Sri Lanka and Maldives. A geographical difference increases the level of difficulty in multi-lateral negotiation for solving common problems, particularly such common problems as the sharing of water resources, and controlling pollution which require co-operation from more than two co-members. Territoriality is an issue which has in the past created irreconcilable problem of sovereignty leading to three wars between two co-members. Territorial disputes continue to cloud the relationship between India and Pakistan, and India and Bangladesh. The opinionated heterogeneity in the midst of the SAARC states greatly hold back effective regional co-operation in South Asia. The political issues are not in attendance in SAARC schedule. It is the most vital issue whose resolution is very smooth mixture obligatory for helpful regional integration in South Asia. Political diversity can be seen in relation to: a) philosophical values of supremacy; b) Issue of confliction ; c) opinionated security; d) parliamentary system; e) potential critics to resist the regional domination; f) menace discernment; g) legitimate arrangements and h) Attitudes of verdict in question of honour and security. Political interests among the South Asian states are highly diverse. As has been verbatim earlier, both India and Pakistan are very big in size and power in comparison with other smaller states. For that reason their political interest is also different from other member states of SAARC. Identification of common interests is a very difficult task in the region. For the above mentioned reason, they have diversity in their concepts of security also. For example, India as a core power of South Asia enunciates a strategic unity of the region and considers the security of the small regional actors as integral to its own security. It considers the latter to be the exclusive strategic backyard of India. On the other hand, the small states tend to perceive India as the main source of external threat to their security. The diversity in governmental systems prevailing problems in South Asia. India and Sri Lanka have traditionally practised representative democracy. The Indian experience of democracy has had stern tests in recent years, since the emergency period of 1975-77; while Sri Lanka has had to compromise democratic norms more recently as a result of ethnic crisis. The two are even so considered relative success stories among Third World democracies. Pakistan and Bangladesh, particularly the latter, have in the beginning of the 1990s witnessed sweeping democratic transition in their domestic scenario. However, in a longer term perspective, both of these countries have always been swinging between military dominance in politics and democratic experimentation. Nepal’s transition to democracy is also perceived yet to be firmly rooted. Bhutan has been striving to retain the authority of monarchy as the dominant institution, while the Maldives has been practising one-party rule and in due sense variance in classes of people is manifested in values and principles pursued in governance and statecraft. The Indian political system is professedly a blend of democracy, socialism and secularism, though these lofty ideals have remained far from fully translated into reality. Most significant is the recent trend towards increased influence of Hindu fundamentalism in Indian politics. Bangladesh started off with more or less same principles as the fundamentals in statecraft, but it later changed course towards increasing influence of religion, an issue on which a national consensus has yet to emerge. Pakistan has Islam as the basis of its political system, while the Maldives is an Islamic society with relatively less influence of religion in politics. Nepal remains under Hindu influence whilst Bhutan and Sri Lanka are Buddhist societies. The conflict as has been created strategically among the South Asian states is diverse too and as such the nature of the conflict between India and Sri Lankan is different from that of the conflict between India and Bangladesh, Pakistan or Nepal. Some conflicts are ethnic, others are religious, location or border related. For this reason India’s insistence on bilateralism gets priority, and India takes advantages of settlement of those conflicts as per its wishes. One important dimension of the conflict is that all are Indo-centric. Pakistan has accepted the superior military strength of India; it has shown no readiness to curtail its freedom of action as an independent state. Although Bangladesh has limited scope of independence, for Nepal and Bhutan it is more difficult to resist or say anything at all about such regional security doctrine. For example, Sri Lanka failed to resist Indian hegemonic attitude when in 1977 the Jayewardene government opted for a free-market economy, making Sri Lanka increasingly receptive to western capital and technology. At that time the relationship with Pakistan improved dramatically. The Jayewardene government virtually tried to distance itself from India. India then took the opportunity of the Tamil separatist issue to put pressure on Sri Lanka. Apart from sheltering and arming the Tamil militants, the Indian ruling class blew out of proportion some of the features of Sri Lanka’s relationship with United States and Pakistan. India cannot apply this type of hegemonic attitude towards Pakistan There are differences in objectives in respect of SAARC among the South Asian countries. SAARC is indeed a facility and an opening for Nepal and Bhutan to maintain close relations with their South Asian neighbours. Above all, it has been perceived by the smaller members as a source of peace and stability in the region. For these small states these contacts and frequent interaction provide a means for generating mutual self-belief and understanding, which may help in the resolution of bilateral problems and in creating harmony. Such harmony could also, in due course, narrow down the prevailing strategic divergence among SAARC members. Unlike the other members, Pakistan has been cautious in expanding institutional and developmental aspects of SAARC. Its objective was to put a stop to India’s presence and influence at the same time to expand its interaction with all the other SAARC countries. Pakistani representatives have sought to use the SAARC forum for disseminating their specific policy proposals aimed at thwarting India. For India, SAARC has been both a challenge as well as an opportunity. The challenge has lain in the collective pressures of the neighbours, and the opportunity in the possibilities of making the neighbours look inward, into the region, for their developmental and security needs. India has pursued a two-pronged strategy to advance its regional objectives through SAARC. One has been to gradually push the expansion and deepening of the Integrated Programme of Action so as to cover core economic areas like trade, industry and finance. The idea was to expand and consolidate infrastructure and social linkages at various levels among South Asian countries and to create a basis for interdependence. This in the long run could weaken the centrifugal tendencies of its neighbours and thus narrow down the divergence towards SAARC’s ties with other regional organizations. The inflow of foreign funds in the organization supported these long- term objectives. The other aspect of India’s strategy has been to evolve consensus in SAARC on international economic and political issues. Such consensus would strengthen India’s own bargaining position in international forum. This competitive game and diversity in objectives may help to sustain SAARC but is not congenial for effective regional integration. There are diversities in threat perceptions among the South Asian states. For example, the presence of a superpower in the Indian Ocean draws more fire from some South Asian neighbours than others. Practically, threat perceptions in South Asia seem to be quite a mixed issue. The smaller members of the community fear India, and some of the South Asian states are concerned about American interests in the region. China figures as a possible threat in the Indian calculations, but China is uniformly absent from the threat perceptions of most of the other South Asian states. These differences in perception and response point to the absence of any kind of a regional outlook on defence issues. For this reason different military capabilities have emerged in the South Asian region, which is in no way congenial for effective regional integration. There is diversity in constitutional arrangements among South Asian states. For example, India and Pakistan have provincial government, but others lack these. It takes much time in India to ratify a treaty which as a consequence of having provincial governments. For smaller states it is very easy to get approval from their parliaments. Sometime in India central government’s willingness is not sufficient to solve a problem without the help of provincial government and the Indian Supreme Court. Sometimes this time-consuming system creates mistrust amongst smaller treaty partners. This situation is also not congenial for effective regional integration in South Asia. Different attitudes among the ruling elite’s is further factor that hinders effective regional integration in South Asia. For example, since 1971 the Indian ruling elite has gradually realised that if outside powers could be excluded from the region, there would not be a single state in South Asia to challenge India either diplomatically or militarily, or both. On the other hand, the elite’s of Sri Lanka and Nepal have an attitude to seek assistance from extra-regional powers. In Pakistan and to some extent in Bangladesh, the ruling elite’s hold anti-Indian attitudes. They frequently express and use those attitudes in their policies and politics. The disproportionate size of the market appears to be one of the most important obstacles to the expansion of trade in South Asia. India is a great economic power in the region. It accounts for 59 percent of the import market, 62 percent of the export earnings, 41 percent the external reserves, 79 percent of industrialized value added and 68 percent of mechanized exports. In terms of exportable commodities, India has over 5,600 commodities to export. Only Pakistan, which has about 4000 commodities, comes next in South Asia. Nevertheless, Pakistan is no match to India in industrial development and size of the market. But the positions of other smaller members of SAARC in this regard are not same. In view of the above, it is evident that the horror of Indian economic supremacy over the economies of the smaller countries is a barrier to trade co-operation in South Asia. India’s economic ascendancy is reproduced in its trade imbalance with almost all the countries of South Asia, except Pakistan. In 1992, India exported US$ 258 million to Bangladesh, US$5 million to Maldives, US$ 85 million to Nepal, US$ 47 million to Pakistan, US$ 192 million to Sri Lanka. In the same year, India imported US$ 5 from Bangladesh, US$ 21 million from Nepal, US$ 149 million from Pakistan and US$ 13 million from Sri Lanka. The strong industrial base, technological development and its comparatively restricted market have given India a predominant position in South Asia.

The spill-over effects of the fear of India’s economic domination is also reflected in its neighbour’s psyche. For instance, it is noticeable in the statement of a Pakistani psychoanalyst, who alleged: ‘It will be more apposite to say that Pakistan is not willing to have unregulated trade with India without adequate safeguards for its indigenous industries and comparatively high-wage labour force.’ If passable safeguarding measures that are incorporated in the South Asian Preferential Trading understanding for least developed members are not properly applied to them, the lopsided size of the market may generate the imbalance basis of trade among the South Asian countries.

Model database in implementation level

During this time of rapid change and advancement, a new type of system appeared. Called client/server development because processing is split between client computers and a database server, this new breed of application was a radical change from mainframe-based application programming. Among the many advantages of this type of architecture are • Reduced maintenance costs • Reduced network load processing occurs on database server or client computer • Multiple operating systems that can interoperate as long as they share a common network protocol • Improved data integrity owing to centralized data location Oracle Corporation released the first commercial RDBMS that used SQL. Although the original versions were developed for VAX/VMS systems, Oracle was one of the first vendors to release a DOS version of its RDBMS. (Oracle is now available on more than 70 platforms.) In the mid-1980s Sybase released its RDBMS, SQL Server. With client libraries for database access, support for stored procedures (discussed on Day 14, "Dynamic Uses of SQL"), and interoperability with various networks, SQL Server became a successful product, particularly in client/server environments. One of the strongest points for both of these SQL Server powerful database systems is their scalability across platforms. C language code (combined with SQL) written for Oracle on a PC is virtually identical to its counterpart written for an Oracle database running on a VAX system. SQL is the de facto standard language used to manipulate and retrieve data from these relational databases. SQL enables a programmer or database administrator to do the following: • Modify a database's structure • Change system security settings • Add user permissions on databases or tables • Query a database for information • Update the contents of a database In putting into practice Client/Server figure, Bernard H. Boar classifies client/server computing as follows: Client/server computing is a processing model in which a single application is partitioned between multiple processors (front-end and back-end) and the processors cooperate (transparent to the end user) to complete the processing as a single unified task. Implementing Client/Server Computing A client/server bond product ties the processors together to provide a single system image (illusion). Shareable resources are positioned as requestor clients that access authorized services. The architecture is endlessly recursive; in turn, servers can become clients and request services of other servers on the network, and so on and so on. This type of application development requires an entirely new set of programming skills. User interface programming is now written for graphical user interfaces, whether it be MS Windows, IBM OS/2, Apple Macintosh, or the UNIX X-Window system. Using SQL and a network connection, the application can interface to a database residing on a remote server. The increased power of personal computer hardware enables critical database information to be stored on a relatively inexpensive standalone server. In addition, this server can be replaced later with little or no change to the client applications.

The concept of Integration in relation to basic strategy of cooperation among regions

There is no denying the fact that it seems too intricate to define the concept of integration in relation to basic strategy of cooperation among regions. Ernst Haas articulated integration as a predisposition towards the voluntary creation of generously proportioned political units, each of which self-consciously disdain the use of force in the relations between the participating units and groups. According to Lindberg, a distinguished personality on social reforms defines integration as the process whereby states forego the desire and ability to conduct foreign and key domestic policies independently of each other, seeking instead to make joint decisions or to delegate the decision making process to new central organs. He also defines integration as the process whereby political actors in several distinct settings are persuaded to shift their expectations and political activities to a new centre. Lindberg gave this definition in his work on the European Community. But he tried to give a comprehensive definition about regional integration processes. This definition reveals that in integration, shifting of some responsibility to regional bodies and greater communication among the members is necessary. Regional Integration Regional integration means the assignment of responsibility for formulating regional policies, developing rules and regulations, and for applying these policies to all markets at a regional level, superseding national control. Integration thus requires members of a grouping to cede sovereignty over particular economic functions and activities as well as policies and instruments to an authority or institution which exercises its power at a regional level. Integration thus means formulating and applying policies- for example, regarding trade, exchange, labour, fiscal and monetary policies- at the regional level. Integration may also imply the development of a common currency and a single central bank or monetary authority which regulates the monetary and indirectly the fiscal parameters within which national governments function. When fully accomplished, integration implies the free movement of all factors of production and technology across borders within the region. In its ultimate form of political union, it would require a regional legislature. Approaches to Integration There are different schools of thought regarding the methods and approaches to integration. The Federalist school of thought sees integration in legal and institutional terms. For federalists integration is an end-product rather than a process. It stands for a political union among previously sovereign and independent states. Federalists recommend the adoption of their approach on both a regional and a global scale. They consider the anarchic nation-state system to be primarily responsible for war. They feel that, with a reasonable amount of discussion and education, enough people will be convinced that a rational plan for the regulation and governance of humankind should be adopted. From the above view point, it is clear that without integration in between the region, nothing cooperation in the field of economics, commerce, finance, sports, international relationship and overall development strategy cannot be established. Hence, regional settlement in respect of variation in size of population, nationality, religion, belief and other cooperation strategy need to be diminished as a tentative flow. As a result, a pure business linkage bedded on unity, faith and discipline should be established in the field of business as regards import and export should be established in a systematic manner.

Communication

Notes on Communication and Transport Prepared by Kh. Atiar Rahman What is transport? Why it is important? 4 Transport is a media for carrying goods and people from one place to another. 1. Transport is needed for the physical movement of people and goods. 2. Especially for movement of raw materials to the factory for production, there is no alternate of transport in case of business operation. 3. It is important for transshipment of goods to the market for sales from manufacturing concerns. 4. Transport system being cheap, fast and efficient leads to the extension of local and overseas market. 5. A good transport system enables the producers to specialize and engage in large scale production with its related cost. Names the different modes of transport 4 The general modes of transport are: Land, air and Water. In land, Road, Railway, pipelines are the three transports. Pipelines may be through land and water. In water, sea and inland waterways are the main transport system. What is communication? Why it is important in Business? Ans: Communication is the process by which information is sent and received between individuals and groups. It is said to be effective if the message is received in the same way as it is sent. It is important on the following reasons: Business transaction and trade: 1. Rapid and accurate message: In communication, rapid and accurate message facilitates business transaction and trade. 2. Correct information in due time: Before occurring any transaction of sales, information of sources and availability of supply, the competitive prices and the terms of trade have to be communicated to the buyer. 3. Efficient and effective transaction: When a business deal is contracted between and buyer and seller, then the buyer paces his orders gives instructions for delivery and arranges for payment for the goods purchased. Expansion of overseas markets: 1. Trend of Foreign trade: Faster and more efficient system of communication has helped to promote foreign trade. 2. Clear and concrete strategy: Up-to-date information on overseas markets and their products are easily available through communication channels. 3. Confirmation: Confirmation on overseas deals and documentation of imports and exports orders can be processed easily and quickly through international communication links. 4. Market expansion: With the establishment of an expanded market, products can be produced largely and economies of scale can be achieved. Promotion of products: 1. Advertisement: Communication is important for effective advertisement influencing the attitudes and behavior of the customers. 2. Effective communication: When an advertising message is effectively communicated to the consumers, the consumer will react positively towards the product and as such demand of the product is enhanced virtually. Efficient Financial system: 1. Good communication system: Efficient financial system is developed for good communication system by telex, email, internets and fax. 2. International payments: International payments can be made through efficient use of modern technology. Describe three types of communication: Oral or spoken communication can take the following forms: a. Direct face to face communication between individuals b. Speech given to a group of individuals c. Oral reports presented to the meetings d. Individual contact through electronic devices such as telephone, intercom, public address system, tape recorder. Advantages: 1. Immediate feedback 2. Immediate response 3. immediate action 4. Taking immediate decision Written communication can take the following forms: a. hand written b. Typed c. Printed d. Electronically generated department such as telegram, telex or electronic mail Advantages: 1. Future reference is created 2. Permanent record is established 3. Confirmation of information Face to Face communication 1. Direct contact for exchange of information 2. Information is transmitted through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols by way of a person’s facial expression, gestures, postures, tone of voice. 3. Communication linkage is developed by asking open ended questions. Advantages: 1. Communication is interactive because it is possible by two way links. 2. It is possible to receive immediate feedback. 3. There is no more chance of the information being effective and successfully communicated. 4. It can take a variety of forms: a. Private discussion or conversion b. Instruction c. Formal discussion d. Formal meeting e. Interview f. Conference Explain internal and external communication and give features: Internal communication refers to the communication that is confined within an organization. It can be horizontal that is it takes place between people of same level or vertical usually top down from management to supervisors and clerks. Internal communication relates to (a) Oral: Intercom, paging telephone, face to face discussion, meeting or conference (b) Written: Memos, circulars, reports, letters, minutes or electronic mail. Features: 1. brief 2. less formal 3. personal 4. rapidly transmitted through the internal network What is external communication? Give its features: It relates to communication with other side of the linkage. It may occur between two offices through letters, telephone, agents etc. It may be necessitated for the firm to communicate with the external parties like the following: i. the head office or other branches on matters pertaining to the organization ii. suppliers, local or overseas to source for supplies of their products or raw materials iii. Customers to entertain their queries and to take their orders iv. Bankers to settle or enquire on financial matters. v. Agents or sales personnel to monitor the sales of the product vi. Others who have interest in the firm External communication includes the written and spoken words sent through the channels as follows : Oral like telephone, conference or seminar and meeting Written like business letter, telex, fax, telegram, electronic mail and advertisement etc. Mention the nature of service that post office/Telecommunication department provides: They provide a network of communication services that essential for trade and commerce virtually. State the functions of Post offices: 6 Post: First class mail like letters, post cards, Second class mail like printed items of magazine, catalogues, newspaper, pamphlets, books and unsealed greetings cards can be sent inland or abroad by ordinary letter post at relatively low cost. Registered post and recorded delivery 1. For an additional fee, all first class mail can be registered to ensure delivery, together with compensation of loss 2. As recorded, delivery of a letter or packet, posting and delivery can be acknowledged by the post office and the recipient and recorded as proof at an extra charge. Business reply post 1. Businessmen who wish to receive a reply from potential customers without requiring them to pay postage with reference to advertisement can apply for the license to operate business reply service. 2. In fact, postage for the business reply cards or envelopes will be paid by the licensee and this business is often used in the mail order service. Airmail: Two types of airmail service exist: One is first class letter service and the other is printed matter.  First class mail is dearer but faster than second class mail.  The air letter is becoming popular nowadays as its speed of delivery is similar to that first class airmail but is fairly cheap  Such mail is charged the same rate to any part of the world. Disadvantages:  The only disadvantage is that writing space is limited and the letter cannot enclosures. What is Intel post service and what are the functions of it?  It is a high speed electronic mail service. Exact copies of documents handed in can be delivered to the addressee anywhere in the Intel post network, both inland and overseas.  The documents are delivered by special messenger service. What is Telecommunication service? What are the functions of it? Such type of service is provided by telegraph offices run by the government, privately own cable companies or by post offices. It is faster means of communication than mail service. • It is required for sending brief messages on emergent basis. • It is sent throughout the country or overseas. • With the increasing use of telex service, the telegram traffic has been reduced over the last few years. What is telex service and what are the essential features of it ? • It is a printed communication system. • Such service is relatively cheap. Features: Business enterprise can send and receive pictures, diagrams, drawings and graphics: What are the factors depending on the choice of methods of communications? • COST • Urgency • Accuracy of information • Record of information • Safety and security • Convenience • Confidentiality • Other factors like Distance, time of day • The parties involved • Information to be transmitted.

Child right conflicts

There is no denying the fact that the States Parties should take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities. It has been stated the States Parties should refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties should endeavor to give priority to those who are oldest. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties should take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict. It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or chastisement; or equipped conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration should take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and self-esteem of the child. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of international instruments, States Parties should, in particular, ensure that: • No child should be suspected as, be lay blame on of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed; • To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand or speak the language used; • To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings. 3. States Parties should seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular: • The establishment of a minimum age below which children should be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law; • Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected. It has been affirmed the child shall be scheduled instantly after confinement and shall have the precise from birth to a name, the right preserve nationality and. as far, and the right to know and be concerned for by his or her parents. It has been stated in UN charter that the States Parties should make certain the completion of these rights as per their general law and their requirement under the relevant global instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless. It has been stated the states Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her uniqueness, including nationality, name and family members as standard by law without against the law involvement. The children who are found begging need to be sorted out and they should be positioned in a place which is suitable for their development. The social authorities and other welfare organization should come forward to settle them in a systematic manner. Other wise the hopes and aspiration would be nipped in the bud and in this context, Somerset Maugham says,” It is difficult to pass over the razor’s edge, But the wise say the path to salvation is hard”

Child labour

Child labour 

 In this context, Child labour has been a great impediment to flourishing the prospects of building good citizens in our country. Because due to poverty, the parents are compelled to send their children to work to maintain their family. There is no denying the fact that modern civilisation has been flourishing day by day by constructing buildings, dams, embankments and overbridges for various purposes. 

There is a good ground for every development work in the world for which the limitless efforts, men's hardihood and persistent feelings are involved significantly. Indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and office profiles have been constructed by an enormous amount of sufficient bricks, trees and soil. Formerly, the world was full of forests, and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In the course of time, the people felt the need to enter into the world of civilisation. 

To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies. In this momentary world, many uncommon talents came out and astonished the world astonished by miraculous discoveries and inventions. The world is immensely beautified by her unbounded nature, where the forests and the animals, hills and mountains have flourished in the best ecosystem with relevant ecological balances with the factors of climate and weather. 

In the world, as the antidotes of medicine to cure diseases, poisonous chemicals are being used to manufacture the same. In this connection, it is important to mention that the dreadful diseases like cancer, coronary, blood cancer and aids, etc., are no longer a problem or dreadful impediment to human beings. If we look around the world, we will find that the environment is being polluted every time from water pollution when mosquitoes lay eggs on the standing water of the rivers, ponds and pools, etc. When dirty and unused ingredients are thrown into water, the water is polluted tremendously. 

In Great Britain, various chemicals are used in different large plants and projects; consequently, acid rains occur frequently. Suffice it to say that various poisonous gases are being produced to a great extent by the tremendous use of poisonous chemicals and burning bricks, for which the world around us is being polluted to a large extent. In all these phenomena, child labour has been a great manpower to contribute to work extensively. We should save them by creating awareness in social life in question.

The Kingship of King Lear

All the way through suffering, Lear learns a new ethically outpourings And human partner with one another As if the next of kin lying frontier. Nowhere in signal in early stages Of the play of tension developing phases Of ruthless materialism? Of which can be counted but dandyism? Gloucester and Kent talk of the division Lear wants his daughters to express rescission The dimensions of their love; The knights being crucial and tough Where a man appears and what he owns, An air of being bits and pieces under coercions By his daughters into helpful needs for a retinue, Lear’s speech ‘O reason not the need’ show, Like magnificently but cracks down in confusion. He seems to be asserting to man’s delusion Superfluous items to mark him off; Of the line being thought to develop A view that he will draw closer to yank. Throughout the storm that Lear’s dishearten His footing towards a conception Of what a man really is! What his true needs are! From wild against charlatan, He turns to sympathy for the unrehearsed ‘Meager Nude Wretches’ Before patting one himself by dragging Off his clothes in emulation of poor Tom receding. He, by his mulch-ethnic outlook enunciates Through the world of surface impressions He recognizes being gallantry of the lowliest. Lear continues to learn of keen necessity Of honesty, sincerity and openness. Which culminates in his reunion with Cordelia? And particularly in his birds in the cage speech. The vital thing those one loves and trusts, To seek and offer amnesty as could be dictated To make merriments amid destruction and seized. And Lear’s justice handed fair dealing; Those with the whip-hand of power And authorities often abuse it. Lear’s trial of his daughter’s affection His disgusting punishment of Cordelia and Kent; The flaying of Lear and Gloucester by just this minute Installed high and mighty; the cruel death of Cordelia. Against the rascal beadle and robber And furred gowns in a fulminating pester On evil motives where Gloucester donates a lot Understanding his blinding, by rich And elevated a channel which simply attracts Goodness from the ordinary servants And the old man who guides him. The magnitude of sharing affluence and excess. The best certification of righteousness seems To lie not in setting one man over another, But in mutual sympathy and regard For each others dignity and needs. To conjecture that lusting after riches And belongings eventually like self slaughter And severe death of Cornwall, Goneril, Regan, And Edmond seems to peak to this. Lear and Gloucester- two old men who suffer And loss so much –seem in a sense to be jubilant, Or they achieve some grasp of man’s require For outspokenness, justice, truth and love.

Child right critics

There is no denying the fact, due to unhealthy situation, a child may be infected with evil mind and as a result, he or she disintegrates and stigmatizes by inflowing into the world of murkiness as well as misleading from where he or she can never get rid of. He commits crime, such as smuggling, robbing, murdering, snatching and dilapidation etc. Failure waits for him everywhere. Even if, he is attracted by innumerable but deadly forbidden things. Not being educated, he becomes addicted to evil works in society. He becomes unknown about the world being transient and allusion of momentary affairs, which has no eternal value in the real sense. In many times, it is observed by degrees that he becomes go-getting and many detrimental tricks are acted upon in societal life. He is familiar with that being crooked and atrocious work, the society cannot mull over him as an evil person; never the less; every body is in the way to run after such forbidden things. In many times the terror leaders greet him and support him to do the forbidden things. Thus a person becomes the leader of the country and occupies a very influential position in the society by doing all the forbidden things like bribing, mal practicing and thieving. Hence forth, it is seen that from every branches of the Government corruption is a common phenomenon for which the nation would like to lead a healthy life. Bangladesh is a highly populated country and as such the double entendre among her resources and needs are prevailing every time to a great extent. Due to despondency of wealth, here one-fourth people cannot satisfy their daily needs for which no one is pleased with his family life. It is a very difficult doodad for someone to acquire a job, as there are fewer vacancies in offices, industries and so on. When people cannot find any occupation or job for earning their livelihood, they do not get any alternative measures except committing crimes. So being without a job is a reason for life form a criminal and the opportunist apply this sense in evil manner and sway him to do the job of roguish and dreadful deeds for which he remains exhausted through out his whole life. As per scrawny socio-economic condition in our country, a child does not need a companion to live with society, friendship and love. That is why; the people make friendship in the hope to have good fortune to deal future life. But every friend might not stand beside another friend in weal and woe. He sometimes pushes him towards danger and inspires him for doing anti-social activities, which is called ‘crime’. Therefore, being a criminal, he may be tainted with the deceptive people. Suffice it to say that due to aggravated socio-economic conditions customary in our country, our society of youths is leading very miserable life. They are creating hindrance and preventing the people from dealing normal life as they are sometimes no longer lost to play a role of terrorists as well as miscreants. Due to the fact that poverty is the indispensable reason for doing criminal assault on the part of the youths. Any person belonging to a poor family has to pass his days through hard struggle. He surely wants to develop his condition. On the other hand, for being poor, he does not get opportunity to be educated properly. Consequently, he cannot have any respectable occupation. At last, finding no other alternatives, he commits crime as his profession. If we are able to reach our goal as expected, it is universal that glory of success must wait for us in future. But we must have to work arduously for that golden opportunity. Otherwise our all hopes and aspirations will be nipped in the bud. No one cannot get salvation of ideal love and peace from God by following the path vices and misfortune. Dr. Faustus was an uncommon genius but by committing seven deadly sins with the exchange of his soul into the hell by taking 24 years kingdom in the eternal world had been thrown to the hell. Lucifer, the owner of the hail grew jealous of him for his talent and geniuses and made a deed by way of Mephistopheles with Faustus. Later, Faustus became lamented but due to his colossal crime, he was thrown to the hell for his misdeeds for long 24 years. That is to say, if a man is addicted to bad habits during childhood, he cannot get rid of from such criminal assault for which he has to repent on through out his whole life. Youth is the best season of good harvest and as such it is likes mild mud and henceforth, he needs to precede his life very carefully. Mainly for these three reasons, we are loosing many brightly illuminated resource personnel to place them on the basis of ‘Right man for the right place' of our country. We need to end all these frolicsome activities. We must come across some way to get rid of mischievous debris and save the bewildered people of our country. The Government also should take actions against such awful activities. First of all, the people here should be aware of the explosion of population and they must not possess more than two children. Secondly, we need to be careful about making friendship, so that we don’t have any bad company. And at last, we must have to recognize the importance of education. No matter how poor we are, we have to try our level best to gain knowledge. In this context, Socrates said," Knowledge is virtue, from knowledge, virtue and goodness flourish; from ignorance, he said, all that is evil." It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery of protection for the child from the parents or other persons having financial responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In particular, where the person having financial dependability for the child lives in a State different from that of the child, States Parties should promote the accession to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements, as well as the making of other appropriate arrangements. It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of the child to education and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they should, in particular:  Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;  Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need;  Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means;  Make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to all children;  Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the reduction of drop-out rates.  States Parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention. It has been stated that the States Parties should promote and encourage international cooperation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries. States Parties agree that the education of the child should be intended for:  The growth of the child's personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential;  The expansion of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;  The progress of respect for the child's parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own;  The groundwork of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin; It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. It has clearly mentioned that the States Parties should take lawmaking, managerial, societal and enlightening measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties should in particular:  Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission to employment;  Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;  Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.  It has been stated that the states Parties should take all appropriate measures, including legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to protect children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the relevant international treaties and to prevent the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such substances. It has been stated that the States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties should in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent: States Parties should take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form.  The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;  The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;  The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials. It has been specified that the States Parties should ensure the following criteria: No child should be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release should be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;  No child should be underprivileged of his or her liberty illegitimately or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child should be in conformity with the law and should be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;  Every child deprived of liberty should be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child deprived of liberty should be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so and should have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;  Every child deprived of his or her liberty should have the right to on time access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority and to a prompt decision on any such action. It has been stated that the States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to the child. There is no denying the fact that the States Parties should take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities. It has been stated the States Parties should refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties should endeavor to give priority to those who are oldest. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties should take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict. It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or chastisement; or equipped conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration should take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and self-esteem of the child. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child's age and the desirability of promoting the child's reintegration and the child's assuming a constructive role in society. To this end and having regard to the relevant provisions of international instruments, States Parties should, in particular, ensure that: • No child should be suspected as, be lay blame on of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed; • To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand or speak the language used; • To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings. 3. States Parties should seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular: • The establishment of a minimum age below which children should be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law; • Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected. It has been affirmed the child shall be scheduled instantly after confinement and shall have the precise from birth to a name, the right preserve nationality and. as far, and the right to know and be concerned for by his or her parents. It has been stated in UN charter that the States Parties should make certain the completion of these rights as per their general law and their requirement under the relevant global instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless. It has been stated the states Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her uniqueness, including nationality, name and family members as standard by law without against the law involvement. The children who are found begging need to be sorted out and they should be positioned in a place which is suitable for their development. The social authorities and other welfare organization should come forward to settle them in a systematic manner. Other wise the hopes and aspiration would be nipped in the bud and in this context, Somerset Maugham says,” It is difficult to pass over the razor’s edge, But the wise say the path to salvation is hard”

Adolescent Accusation - (A child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl)

Adolescent Accusation - (A child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl) There is no denying the fact the fundamental rights of the children is supported by UN charter which envisages that a child must be protected by providing him/her hierarchical needs like physiological, safety, security, egoistic and self actualization need. In Un convention, it has been clearly stated that a child must be flourished and it is the duties of the parents and in this respect, the state parties should have a special look to the well beings of the children and as such they should ensure necessary funds to develop them with proper education, knowledge and other ancillaries in a systematic manner so that they should develop themselves as an ideal citizen. In this context, Child labour has been a great impediment for flourishing the prospects of building them as good citizen in a country. Due to the fact that due to poverty, the parents are compelled to send their children to work in order to maintain their family. There is no denying the fact that modern civilization has been flourishing day by day by constructing buildings, dams, and embankments and over bridges for various purposes. There is a good ground for every development works in the world for which the limitless efforts, men's hardihood and persistent feelings are involved significantly. Indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and offices profiles have been constructed by enormous using sufficient bricks, trees and soils. Formerly, the world was full of forests and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In course of time, the people felt needs to enter into the world of civilization. To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies. In this momentary world many uncommon talents came out and made the world astonished by miracle discoveries and inventions. In those work, men and women are equally engaged where it is evident that a child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl. It is evident that modern society is more often than not male dominated where women still pine away in an substandard position put side by side to men because of the social formation and stick with customarily held social values. There is, however, an escalating responsiveness that women’s position must get better as a matter of their right; and that, for national development also, mainstreaming of women in all walks of national life is essential. Bangladesh is differentiated by a very high population density (860 persons per sq. km. as of 1999), a high population growth rate (about 2.5 per cent), a very low per-capita income (about US$ 200 as of 1999), a very low adult literacy rate (32 per cent), and widespread being without a job and underemployment (one-third or more of the available labour-time in the country). About 46 per cent of the population aged 10 years and above constitute the civilian labour force. While women constitute half of the population, their labour force participation rate is only 9.9 per cent against 81.4 per cent of men. Open unemployment rate is 3.1 per cent for women against 1.1 per cent for men and underemployment rate for women workforce is even higher measure up to men. Since the mid-1970s, the Government has, in acknowledgment of the fact that women’s class must get better and that women should be implicated in nation building behavior for an orderly progress of the society, adopted policies and measures aimed at enhancing women’s status, promoting employment opportunities for them, protecting their rights. On top of these, the Constitution of Bangladesh, adopted in 1972, has guaranteed equal position to women. The Constitution of Bangladesh enshrines women’s equal status with men before law; women shall have equal rights in all spheres of state and public life, and equality of opportunity in respect of employment or office in the service of the Republic. They should not be discriminated against because they are women. In fact, the Constitution provides that special steps should be taken for the advancement of women. However, Article 29(c) states that any class of employment or office may be set aside for members of one sex on the ground that it is considered by its nature to be unsuited to members of the opposite sex. If not properly interpreted, this provision may allow scope for abuse and provide a cover for discrimination against women. The position of building the children is difficult nowadays because of expansion of child labour and as such it is found, not only in our country but also through out the world, the number of child labour are enhancing day by day. Due to the fact, the effort to develop the children by proper education is being adversely hampered. Suffice it to say that a class of people in the name of establishment, they are employing the children as child labour in different factories, offices and other places in some manner by way of offering very low wages. The world is immensely beautified by her unbounded nature where the forests and the animals, hill and mountains have been flourished by the best ecosystem with relevant ecological balances with the factors of climate and weather. In the world, as the antidotes of medicine to cure diseases, the poisonous chemicals are being used up to manufacture the same. In this connection, it is important to mention that the dreadful diseases like cancer, coronary, blood cancer and aids etc., are no longer a problem or dreadful impediment to human beings. If we look around the world, we will find that the environment is being polluted every time from water effluence when mosquitoes lay eggs on standing water of the river, ponds and pools etc. When dirty and unexploited ingredients are thrown into water, the water is polluted tremendously. In Great Britain, the various chemicals are used in different large plants and projects; consequently, acid rains occur frequently. In doing such jobs, child labour is being engaged on a large scale. Suffice it to say that various poisonous gases are being produced to a great extent by tremendous use of poisonous chemicals and burning bricks for which the world around us is being polluted to a large extent. In all these phenomena, child labour has been a great manpower to contribute to work extensively and from this day forward, we should save them by creating awareness in social life in question. The work which has been done behind civilization of the world, child labour has been employed in embryonic manner as because; the children coming from poor family have been employing themselves as child labour. The child who will be brought up with due care, they are working parallel to the adult labour. There is no denying the fact that the provisions to enlarge meticulous care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children. We should bear in mind that, as specified in the proclamation of the Rights of the Child, "the child, by reason of his corporeal and psychological juvenile behavior, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth", The Convention on the Rights of the Child was accepted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. It entered into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49. It has been highlighted that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, we should bear in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, it has been recognized that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, it has been recalled that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance, Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community, it has been stated that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and sympathetic consideration. It has been stated that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity. It has been expressed that the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and globally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the management of Juvenile Justice We should bear in mind that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in unusually difficult conditions and that such children need special contemplation for taking due explanation of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the fortification and harmonious development of the child. We should bear in mind the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries, for the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. 2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or chastisement on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. It has been stated the States Parties embark on to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures. It has been stated the states Parties should ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision. It has been stated the States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, managerial and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation. It has been stated the States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention. It has been avowed the child shall be listed immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to get hold of a nationality and. as far as possible, and the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents. It has been stated in UN charter that the States Parties should ensure the implementation of these rights according to their national law and their obligations under the relevant global instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless. It has been stated the states Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her uniqueness, including nationality, name and family kindred as recognized by law without unlawful intervention. The children who are found begging need to be sorted out and they should be positioned in a place which is suitable for their development. The social authorities and other welfare organization should come forward to settle them in a systematic manner. Other wise the hopes and aspiration would be nipped in the bud and in this context, William Shakespeare says: “Out! Out! A brief candle, A life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour Upon the stage, And then is heard no more, It is a tale; Told by an idiot, It is full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing”

An epigrammatic account of Structured Query Language

The time gone by of SQL begins in an IBM laboratory in San Jose, California, where on earth SQL was urbanized in the late 1970s. The fundamental pose for Structured Query Language and the language itself is time and again referred to as "sequel." It was in the inauguration built-up for IBM's DB2 item for consumption as a basic criterion of a relational database management system, or RDBMS.. In fact, SQL creates an RDBMS achievable. SQL is a nonprocedural language, in disparity to the procedural or third-generation languages such as COBOL and C that had been created up to that time. The quality that categorizes a DBMS from an RDBMS is that the RDBMS provides a set-oriented database language. For most RDBMSs, this set-oriented database language is SQL. Two standards association, the American National Standards Institute and the International Standards Organization, currently prop up SQL standards to exchange. The ANSI-92 standard is the customary for the SQL used throughout this article. Although these standard-making bodies systematize standards for database system designers to tag along, all database products differ from the ANSI standard to some degree. In addition, most systems provide some proprietary extensions to SQL that extend the language into a true procedural language. We have used various RDBMSs to prepare the examples in this article to give you an idea of what to expect from the common database systems. It was an inquiring feeling whether there is a modest background on the evolution of databases and database conjecture would facilitate us value the workings of SQL. Database systems stock up in sequence in every feasible business environment. From outsized pathway databases such as airline proviso systems to a child's baseball card collection, database systems store and hand out the data that we depend on. Until the last few years, large database systems could be run only on large mainframe computers. These machines have traditionally been expensive to design, purchase, and maintain. However, today's generation of powerful, inexpensive workstation computers enables programmers to design software that maintains and distributes data quickly and inexpensively. Model of Database 1. The largest part of popular data storage model is the relational database, which was bedded on a formative paper named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," written by Dr. E. F. Codd in 1970. SQL steps forward to service on the conception of the relational database introduced by Dr. Codd who had promulgated such new exploration for creating and building object orient programming software to be based on the 13 rules, referred to as Codd's 12 Rules, for the relational model which are the basic milestone in RDBMS concept.: 2. The following rules have been explored by Dr. Codd which are basically known as ‘Dr. Codd’s Database rules. 1. All information in a relational database (including table and column names) is represented explicitly as values in tables. 2. Every value in a relational database is guaranteed to be accessible by using a combination of the table name, primary key value, and column name. 3. The DBMS provides systematic support for the treatment of null values (unknown or inapplicable data), distinct from default values, and independent of any domain. 4. The description of the database and its contents is represented at the logical level as tables and can therefore be queried using the database language. 5. At least one supported language must have a well-defined syntax and be comprehensive. It must support data definition, manipulation, integrity rules, authorization, and transactions. 6. All views that are theoretically updatable can be updated through the system. 7. The DBMS supports not only set-level retrievals but also set-level inserts, updates, and deletes. 8. Application programs and ad hoc programs are logically unaffected when physical access methods or storage structures are altered. 9. Application programs and ad hoc programs are logically unaffected, to the extent possible, when changes are made to the table structures. 10. The database language must be capable of defining integrity rules. They must be stored in the online catalog, and they cannot be bypassed. 11. Application programs and ad hoc requests are logically unaffected when data is first circulated or when it is reallocate. 12. It ought not to be potential to get around the integrity rules defined through the database language by using lower-level languages. A good number database has had a "parent/child" relationship; that is, a parent node would contain file pointers to its children. This method has several advantages and many disadvantages. In its favor is the fact that the physical structure of data on a disk becomes unimportant. The programmer simply stores pointers to the next location, so data can be accessed in this manner. Also, data can be added and deleted easily. However, different groups of information could not be easily joined to form new information. The format of the data on the disk could not be arbitrarily changed after the database was created. Doing so would require the creation of a new database structure. Codd's idea for an RDBMS uses the mathematical concepts of relational algebra to break down data into sets and related common subsets. Because information can naturally be grouped into distinct sets, Dr. Codd organized his database system around this concept. Under the relational model, data is separated into sets that resemble a table structure. This table structure consists of individual data elements called columns or fields. A single set of a group of fields is known as a record or row. For instance, to create a relational database consisting of employee data, you might start with a table called EMPLOYEE that contains the following pieces of information: Name, Age, and Occupation. These three pieces of data make up the fields in the Job holder table. Job holder table. Name Age Occupation Mehedi 12 Electrical engineer Gias 44 Museum curator Kaium 42 Assistant Chef Abdul Karim 29 Student Mohammad 32 Game programmer Kamruzzaman 46 Singer The six rows are the records in the EMPLOYEE table. To retrieve a specific record from this table, for example, Dave Davidson, a user would instruct the database management system to retrieve the records where the NAME field was equal to Dave Davidson. If the DBMS had been instructed to retrieve all the fields in the record, the employee's name, age, and occupation would be returned to the user. SQL is the language that tells the database to retrieve this data. A sample SQL statement that makes this query is SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE It is important to note that the exact syntax is not important at this point. Due to the fact that the various data items can be grouped according to obvious relationships, the relational database model gives the database designer a great deal of flexibility to describe the relationships between the data elements. Through the mathematical concepts of join and union, relational databases can quickly retrieve pieces of data from different sets (tables) and return them to the user or program as one "joined" collection of data. The join feature enables the designer to store sets of information in separate tables to reduce repetition. Duty table. Name Duties Skender Cook Lily Huq Teacher Shovon Dancer Idiorty Superintendent Designing the Database Structure The vital decision for a database designer, after the hardware platform and the RDBMS have been preferred, is the structure of the tables. Decisions made at this stage of the design can affect performance and programming later during the development process. The process of separating data into distinct, unique sets is called normalization. Modern Database Panorama Computing technology has made a permanent change in the ways businesses work around the world. Information that was at one time stored in warehouses full of filing cabinets can now be accessed instantaneously at the click of a mouse button. Orders placed by customers in foreign countries can now be instantly processed on the floor of a manufacturing facility. Even though 20 years ago much of this information had been transported onto corporate mainframe databases, offices still operated in a batch-processing environment. If a query needed to be performed, someone notified the management information systems (MIS) department; the requested data was delivered as soon as possible. In addition to the development of the relational database model, two technologies led to the rapid growth of what are now called client/server database systems. The first important technology was the personal computer. Inexpensive, easy-to-use applications such as Lotus 1-2-3 and Word Perfect enabled employees (and home computer users) to create documents and manage data quickly and accurately. Users became accustomed to continually upgrading systems because the rate of change was so rapid, even as the price of the more advanced systems continued to fall. The second important technology was the local area network (LAN) and its integration into offices across the world. Although users were accustomed to terminal connections to a corporate mainframe, now word processing files could be stored locally within an office and accessed from any computer attached to the network. After the Apple Macintosh introduced a friendly graphical user interface, computers were not only inexpensive and powerful but also easy to use. In addition, they could be accessed from remote sites, and large amounts of data could be off-loaded to departmental data servers. During this time of rapid change and advancement, a new type of system appeared. Called client/server development because processing is split between client computers and a database server, this new breed of application was a radical change from mainframe-based application programming. Among the many advantages of this type of architecture are • Reduced maintenance costs • Reduced network load (processing occurs on database server or client computer) • Multiple operating systems that can interoperate as long as they share a common network protocol • Improved data integrity owing to centralized data location In putting into practice Client/Server figure, Bernard H. Boar classifies client/server computing as follows: Client/server computing is a processing model in which a single application is partitioned between multiple processors (front-end and back-end) and the processors cooperate (transparent to the end user) to complete the processing as a single unified task. Implementing Client/Server Computing A client/server bond product ties the processors together to provide a single system image (illusion). Shareable resources are positioned as requestor clients that access authorized services. The architecture is endlessly recursive; in turn, servers can become clients and request services of other servers on the network, and so on and so on. This type of application development requires an entirely new set of programming skills. User interface programming is now written for graphical user interfaces, whether it be MS Windows, IBM OS/2, Apple Macintosh, or the UNIX X-Window system. Using SQL and a network connection, the application can interface to a database residing on a remote server. The increased power of personal computer hardware enables critical database information to be stored on a relatively inexpensive standalone server. In addition, this server can be replaced later with little or no change to the client applications. Implementation Level Oracle Corporation released the first commercial RDBMS that used SQL. Although the original versions were developed for VAX/VMS systems, Oracle was one of the first vendors to release a DOS version of its RDBMS. (Oracle is now available on more than 70 platforms.) In the mid-1980s Sybase released its RDBMS, SQL Server. With client libraries for database access, support for stored procedures (discussed on Day 14, "Dynamic Uses of SQL"), and interoperability with various networks, SQL Server became a successful product, particularly in client/server environments. One of the strongest points for both of theseSQL Server powerful database systems is their scalability across platforms. C language code (combined with SQL) written for Oracle on a PC is virtually identical to its counterpart written for an Oracle database running on a VAX system. An Overview of SQL SQL is the de facto standard language used to manipulate and retrieve data from these relational databases. SQL enables a programmer or database administrator to do the following: • Modify a database's structure • Change system security settings • Add user permissions on databases or tables • Query a database for information • Update the contents of a database According to Dr. Codd, the term SQL can be confusing. The S, for Structured, and the L, for Language, is undemanding enough, but the Q is a little misleading. Q, of course, stands for "Query," which--if taken literally--would restrict you to asking the database questions. But SQL does much more than ask questions. With SQL you can also create tables, add data, delete data, splice data together, trigger actions based on changes to the database, and store your queries within your program or database. Unfortunately, there is no good substitute for Query. Obviously, Structured Add Modify Delete Join Store Trigger and Query Language (SAMDJSTQL) is a bit cumbersome. In the interest of harmony, we will stay with SQL. However, you now know that its function is bigger than its name. The most commonly used statement in SQL is the SELECT statement (see Day 2, "Introduction to the Query: The SELECT Statement"), which retrieves data from the database and returns the data to the user. The EMPLOYEE table example illustrates a typical example of a SELECT statement situation. In addition to the SELECT statement, SQL provides statements for creating new databases, tables, fields, and indexes, as well as statements for inserting and deleting records. ANSI SQL also recommends a core group of data manipulation functions. As you will find out, many database systems also have tools for ensuring data integrity and enforcing security (see Day 11, "Controlling Transactions") that enable programmers to stop the execution of a group of commands if a certain condition occurs. Popular SQL Implementations This section introduces some of the more popular implementations of SQL, each of which has its own strengths and weaknesses. Where some implementations of SQL have been developed for PC use and easy user interactivity, others have been developed to accommodate very large databases (VLDB). This sections introduces selected key features of some implementations. In addition to serving as an SQL reference, this article also contains many practical software development examples. SQL is useful only when it solves your real-world problems, which occur inside your code. Microsoft Access We use Microsoft Access, a PC-based DBMS, to illustrate some of the examples in this text. Access is very easy to use. We can use GUI tools or manually enter your SQL statements. Oracle7 Language In view of the above discussion, it is obvious that in creating an object oriented programming software, the importance SQL is inevitable. In integrating parent-child relationship, SQL is very important. From SQL, Insert, Update and Delete Command are helpful. In a nut shell, we exercise Oracle7, which represent the larger corporate database world, to demonstrate command-line SQL and database management techniques. These techniques are imperative for the reason that the days of the standalone machine are drawing to an end, as are the days when expressive one database or one in commission system was enough. In command-line, simple stand+[cedilla]one SQL statements are entered into Oracle's SQL*Plus tool. This tool then returns data to the screen for the user to see, or it performs the apposite action on the database. Most examples are directed toward the beginning programmer or first-time user of SQL. We begin with the simplest of SQL statements and advance to the topics of transaction running and stored procedure programming. The Oracle RDBMS is circulated with a full complement of development tools. It comprises a C++ and Visual Basic language library (Oracle Objects for OLE) that can link an application to a Personal Oracle database. It also comes with graphical tools for database, user, and object administration, as well as the SQL*Loader utility, which is used to introduce internally and send abroad data to and from Oracle.

Japan is in troubles

There is no denying the fact that on 11th March, 2011 an 8.9 rector scale earthquake has thumped the north-west of Japan, triggering a tsunami that convey ships and cars booming into coastal towns. It has provoked tsunami warnings around the Pacific. It is a fact that about forty people have been inveterate dead, but the toll is anticipated to increase piercingly. One more 39 have been reported missing. The government has issued a warning that another strong earthquake could strike Japan. Japan alleged that it was operating on an atomic power emergency footing but supposed no radiation leaks were identified among its reactors. The four nuclear power plants closest to the quake have been safely shut down, the United Nations atomic watchdog said on Friday. A 10-metre tsunami has hit the city of Sendai city, according to media reports, and a tsunami alert is in place all the way down the Pacific coast. Suffice it to say, the quake socked 370 km from Tokyo at a depth of 24 km. It was felt as far away as Beijing. Officials are warning the tsunami could reach 10 meters high. Waves have hit Tokyo. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, west of Honolulu, Hawaii, issued a widespread warning extending across virtually the entire Pacific Ocean, including Australia, Antarctica and South America. Minor tsunamis reached Taiwan’s coastline without causing any damage, according to Taiwan’s central weather bureau. Coastal areas in Hawaii, which is some 4,000 miles east of the epicenters, are being evacuated. “We have about four hours to evacuate the coast,” said John Cummings from Honolulu emergency services. The first waves are expected to hit at 12h55 universal time. Indonesia is likely to be hit by waves at 11h00 universal time. The Philippine government on Friday strongly urged residents of its Pacific coast to go farther inland. Seismologists are warning that waves of up to a metre could hit there between 09h00 and 11h00 universal time. There are fears that some low-lying islands in the Pacific could be completely submerged by the wave. In Japan, Sendai airport is underwater and is closed as our several other airports, including Tokyo’s Hareda airport. Roads and train services closed and four million homes are without power. Numerous injuries have been reported by police in Japan’s Miyagi prefecture and there is widespread flooding in the area. The quake struck off the north-east coast of the island of Honshu in the early afternoon, strongly shaking buildings in Tokyo. It triggered dozens of fires in Tokyo. The Yokohama oil refinery has caught fire in Iichihara, near Tokyo. Many were injured after a roof caved in during a school graduation ceremony at a hall in east Tokyo. “People are remaining calm and gathering in earthquake centers and public parks away from tall buildings and wondering how they’re going to get home tonight,” says correspondent Justin McCurry. “There are tens of thousands of people on the streets of Tokyo and public transport is still crippled.” He adds that it is difficult to gauge what the reaction has been in the worst-hit areas because there are problems with communication. The car park at Tokyo Disneyland was drenched with water-logged segments from the ground due to liquefaction of soil caused by the tremor. The Japanese health ministry says radiation from the Fukushima nuclear plant has reached a level where it poses a threat to human health. The UN atomic watchdog says a fire at spent fuel storage pond at the plant broke out on Tuesday. Prime Minister Naoto Kan has warned that the radiation could spread, after a third explosion followed by a fire hit a reactor at the plant on Tuesday. There are fears that low-level radiation echelon which may have reached as far as the capital Tokyo. The explosions have also raised fears of a meltdown at the nuclear plant. As media news, it is evident that four out of the six reactors at the plant are in problem. Blasts have occurred at buildings housing the No. 1, 2 and 3 reactors and their containment vessels after cooling systems were knocked out by the quake’s tsunami. In view of the above it is evident that the International Atomic Energy Agency predominated that radiation was on the rampage into the atmosphere on Tuesday after a fire broke out at a spent fuel storage pond of the nuclear plant. The nuclear watchdog later deep-rooted the fire was extinguished. It may be pointed out here that authorities have evacuated non-essential staff from the Fukushima plant as engineers work around the clock to cool the nuclear reactors. Residents within 20 km of the plant have been asked to leave and people within 30 km of the plant have been asked to stay indoors. The nuclear crisis was sparked by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and tsunami, which is expected to have claimed at least 10,000 lives. Japan’s premier strongly has criticized the operator of the Fukushima plant, Kyodo News reported. “The TV reported an explosion. But nothing was said to the premier’s office for about an hour,” the agency quoted him as saying. “What the hell is going on?” On Tuesday, panic selling sent Tokyo shares down over 10 percent on worries the nuclear crisis would become a catastrophe. The Nikkei index closed off 1,015.34 points at 8.605.15. With ports, airports, highways and factories across Japan shut down; analysts say the impact on the Japanese economy is severe.