Inherent pollution

     

A substance may be a contaminant when its occupancy in air, water, or soil harms organism in question and as such bacteria and virus carriers such minute living thing can cause contamination in a significant manner. Pollutants harm humans in different ways where in high concentrations they can cause ill health and even death. These sort of pollutants which are horrifying in due sense can spread through food chains spoiling plants and animals and endangering human food supplies like fish, and they can cause dirt and obnoxious smells.

Atmospheric pollution

           The principal inception of air contamination are the burning of coal and oil in houses and factories, and in the engines of cars, buses, airplanes and thus smoke assembled by burning contains small particles of dust which are mainly carbon. This dust calumniates the walls of the buildings and settles on the leaves of plants, limiting photosynthesis by cutting out light and limiting materialization by blocking stomata. Smoke contains sulphur dioxide that reacts with water vapour in air forming sulphuric acid causing damages the stonework of buildings, the leaves of plants, and the peoples lungs which vitally important for controlling breathing function. Garden bonfires can also be a source of hazardous pollution. If household rubbish including plastic and polystyrene is added to the fire, its smoke will contain up to 300 times more cancer-producing chemicals than cigarettes smoke, as well as cyanide, lead, dioxin, and other poisonous chemicals. There is no denying the fact that Petrol and diesel engines release fumes containing oxides of nitrogen and lead compounds. Once lead enters the body it cannot be removed by the excretory system. It collects in the body eventually causing damage, especially on the brain.

Mellifluous Pollution

                  The main source of water pollution is sewage from houses and farms, chemical waste from industry and agriculture, and spilled oil. Sewage can be made harmless but in many countries population growth has overloaded sewage handling works and untreated sewage is released into rivers and sea. Bacteria in water disintegrate sewage, but in lakes and slow-moving rivers this process uses up oxygen so briskly that fish, insects, and tadpoles, are missing. Industrial waste often manifests very venomous, long-lasting pollutants such as composites of cyanide, lead mercury, and mercury, and copper. These chemicals are jeopardous even in small cornucopia, because when they are discharged into streamline and rivulet, they garner fish and other aquatic creatures. In this way these are amplified through food chains to water birds and sometimes humans. In many recent farms poultry, cattle, and pigs are possessed in buildings and there is no other land on which to use the fertilizer that they produce. The manure is released into local streams and rivers where it decomposes and reduces oxygen levels in the same way as untreated domestic sewage. Other pollutants attributable to modern farming methods include chemical sprays that kill insect pests and fungi that skirmish crop plants. If these chemicals enter rivers and ponds they can spread through out food chains in the same way as industrial waste.

Dispersion

                 Radiation such as X-rays and beta and gamma rays can cause various types of cancer, a blood disorder known as leukemia, and damage to the sperms and ova resulting in deformed babies. Natural radiation comes from outer space in the form of cosmic rays, and artificial radiation comes from certain medical and industrial processes. Little if any harm comes from these sources; but there is increasing concern about radiation from the testing of nuclear power to generate electricity will increase. There is always a risk in emitting radiation upon the surface where it is falling. The persons, who are always dealing radiation as routine job and research purpose, they need to be careful about such fission and fusion phenomena. If air is polluted by radiation, environment must be polluted in question and consequently many dreadful diseases may break out.

Meteorological pollution:

There are many ranges of barometric pollution problems currently alarming the earth's general environment; the problem arises from the acidic gases produced by burning fossil fuels in a different situations. The majority of power stations in industrialized countries burn coal or oil. Both these fuels are polluted with sulphur, which produces sulphur dioxide when it burns. The wind can carry acid rain clouds away from the industrialized centers, causing the pollution to fall on other countries. Besides this, oxides of Nitrogen dioxide are produced when thunderstorm blows or air are heated in furnaces or in vehicle petrol engines. Consequently, these gases dissolve in rainwater to produce acid rain. Due to acid rain, the following adverse effects are observed:

·        Limestone buildings and statues are worn away.

·        Lakes and rivers are acidified, and the presence of metal ions leached out of the soil damages the gills of the fish and as such the fishes can die.

·        The nutrients are leached out of the soil and from leaves. Trees are deprived of these nutrients. Aluminum ions are freed from the clay as Aluminum sulphate and damage the roots of the trees. The tree is unable to draw up water through damaged roots and it dies. Due to depletion of ozone layer, a protective layer of ozone in the stratosphere prevents harmful ultra-violet radiation reaching the earth surface ozone layer remains depleted.

·        Chlorofluorocarbons and other halogen compounds are formed due to the depletion of ozone layer, which causes the damage of human beings and plants in question, for which restrictions have been imposed to use such compounds virtually by International agreement.

In view of the above it is evident that if the situation were tolerable to grow worse, preamble to higher levels of ultra-violet radiation could effect more cases of skin cancer in human and cause crops to a great extent. That is to say, in burning chemicals and bricks, poisonous gas emit and as such sulphur dioxide gas, Nitrogen dioxides and carbon monoxide gas are produced in atmospheric layer and consequently, acid rain occurs. This sort of acid rain causes trees to destroy and soil to pollute and poisonous. As a result of creating such dangerous pollutants, our lives are becoming risky and health hazards. Besides this, the problems of green house effects are throughout the world for which we should find out ways and means to solve the impediments, which create health exposure in our every day life. The CFC gas is the product of tremendous effects of greenhouse chattels and as a result, our environment is being polluted creating great health vulnerability in question. The fact is that due to awesome increase of CFC gas and carbon dioxide, ozone layer is consequently licked and the ultra-violet ray from the Ionosphere is in the way to hit the earth directly for which the surface temperature is gradually increasing and the ice is melted and the depth of the sea is also being increased. It is hoped in future that in course of time, the earth will be inundated under water. It has been observed in recent years survey that due to tremendous indiscriminant use of ploy-ethane bags, pollution are occurring to a great extent. In the world, wastage is being observed but these are being recycled in a developed process, which are the consequences of better technology and scientific research. In order to remove such pollution, a better technology and strong recycling process are needed for which new bags are possible to be made. Besides this, we need to be careful about dealing wastage for which prospective and alternative measures are keenly emphasized in a systematic manner. We know that the plants and trees are vitally important in order to make our environments healthy and sophisticated to live peacefully in the world. On the other hand, due to lack of trees, adverse situations prevail in the atmospheric layer like increasing carbon dioxide and dust particles. If this type of gas is increased in the layer, our environment becomes barren and unsuitable for living. We use oxygen in our inhalation and give out carbon dioxide as a general flow of breathing function. Trees give us shadow and fruits for which our survival on earth becomes easy and comfortable. We need trees in order to make our environment free from pollution. Hence, it is widely recognized that due to enormous use of plants and trees, we are always facing the situations of health hazard and for which the government is careful to plant trees in place of the trees cut down. Since the plants and trees are being cut down to a great extent, the amount of lands have been reducing day by day for which the scarcity of cultivable lands are being observed tremendously. As a result of being extinct the forests, the number of animals, birds and other creature living in woodland are being reduced to a great extent. The main weapon to fight against extinction is self-awareness and consciousness. It has to come within everybody that we have to possess the feelings of responsibility and environmentalism, in order to build a better world -a world full of evergreen beauty and spirited animals and for these purpose, the following steps may be taken in due course.

·        Following and whaling should be absolutely proscribed

·        Deforestation needs to be counteracted

·        The use of ivory and furs needs to be declared as a punishable crime imposing an exemplary penalty in question.

·        National parks and nature reserves should be created

·        The natural habitats of endangered species should be preserved.

If these tactics of measures are accomplished instantaneously, then it may be anticipated an optimistic upshot that a man can see the dawn of a new era in the history of the world, which will be even more eye-catching if we are engrossed to be humiliated with one another by forsaking all sorts of enmity and quarrelsome activities from the social life.

Global Macro Economic Policy

Global Macro Economic Policy

There is no denying the fact that the role of macroeconomic stabilisation in developing countries underwent a major change in the late 1970s, paving the way for the implementation of structural adjustment programmes in developing countries supported by the IMF and World Bank in the early 1980s. The experience of the 1960s and 1970s suggested that the causes of macroeconomic disequilibrium were profoundly deep-seated in the make-up of the economy and could not be addressed through short-term fiscal and monetary policies alone. The focus of stabilisation policies shifted from the macro economy to include the macro and micro economies. Structural adjustment policies have come to influence all sectors of the economy and permeate virtually every aspect of short and medium-term economic management in Bangladesh due to the country's excessive dependence on foreign external assistance.

In July 1975, in an agreement with IDA and IMF, the government of Bangladesh made a major adjustment programme with a devaluation of exchange rate by 58% and agreed to initiate adjustment measures such as liberalisation of import, tight control on Bank credit, increase of Bank rate and other interest rates, abolition of multiple currency system, reduction of Bank borrowing, rationalisation of the tax system, gradual reduction of subsidy on food grains and agricultural inputs, enhancing efficiency and financial performance of the public enterprises. ‘The government launched a medium- term structural adjustment program in the mid 1980s to promote financial stability and the efficient use of resources. The program was supported by the IMF, the World Bank, and other organisations. The government adopted a policy program to:

1. To spur private investment through financial reform, exchange and trade liberalisation, and industrial deregulation,

2. To facilitate public investment by domestic revenues, curtailing government consumption, and improving project implementation,

3. To reduce inflation, and

4. To improve human resource development.

Bangladesh, like many other embryonic countries, is still struggling with the traditional administrative systems which never achieve the desired objectives. Public sector organisations of Bangladesh have similar patterns following the traditional administrative system at the cost of taxpayers' money, but are not responsible and accountable to the taxpayers. Bangladesh, being a typical Third World country, is practically overloaded with reforms. In fact, it is one of the first nations in the South Asian region which accepted the SAP reform packages as early as the 1980s. Structural adjustment in Bangladesh started with the IMF in December 1980 on extended fund facilities. It was followed up by another loan agreement under the conditionality in the name of Structural Adjustment Facilities (SAF) for the period 1986-87 to 1988-89. After a year, Bangladesh contracted another three-year loan under the enhanced structural adjustment facility of the IMF covering the period 1990-91 to 1992-93.

Structural adjustment policies adopted in Bangladesh fall into three broad categories:

(1) Demand management policies;

(2) Structural policies; and

(3) Institutional policies.

Demand management policies are aimed at bringing aggregate demand in line with aggregate supply. The major instruments used in this regard include

(1) tight monetary policy through restrictions on credit in the form of savings and controls on both the public and private sector, with improving the balance of payments; and (2) tight fiscal policy with cutbacks of government expenditures as its main feature aimed at reducing the fiscal deficit.

Structural policies include those aimed at improving provision and productive efficiency and increasing domestic savings and investment. Specific policies under this package include: (1) withdrawal of food and input subsidies, and output price support; (2) financial liberalization to allow the financial markets to reflect the true opportunity cost of capital; (3) rationalization of public enterprise pricing policies to eliminate haziness between cost and revenues; and (4) liberalization of trade through abolition of quantitative restrictions on imports and reductions in the level of tariff protection. Institutional policies essentially consist of denationalisation and privatisation policies, allowing greater competition in the economy.

In view of the above it is evident that the structural adjustment policies in Bangladesh as a whole thus cover every aspect of public policy and most sectors of the economy viz, public expenditures interest rates, exchange rates, credit ceilings, tax and tariff regimes, market structures, reforms in public enterprises, civil administration reform, financial sector reforms, decentralization, privatisation, improved management practices, rationalization of pricing policy etc. One of SAP's primary foci in Bangladesh is to rationalise the administrative setup and enhance the productive capacity of public administration. As far as public administration is concerned, the reform package under the SAP has stressed measures to improve the performance of public sector enterprises, privatise selected areas of the public sector, and rationalise the scope of public delivery and services. The public sector is the dominant sector in Bangladesh and covers about 75% of the development outlay of the country. A major sector of the economy is controlled by public enterprises whose performance is found to be disappointing. The rate of completion of targeted public sector development projects in Bangladesh during the last one and a half decades never exceeded an average of 45%. In spite of its importance in the economy, almost all the public sector enterprises are running on recurring criticism.

The factors affecting environment

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According to Commoneous," What comes from God is true and with the touch of human beings, it becomes untrue". Again, in this context, Keats says," The truth is beauty and beauty is truth ". The foremost source of all beauties and the truth is this transient world. The world we live in is the most attractive place with striking landscapes and features, wild and domesticated animals, and a variety of odoriferous flowers, evergreen trees and the most wonderful creation of the Lord- the mankind. The world has been created for the human beings so that they would applause the Lord for his power and preserves these natural beauties with undiminished care. But ever since, the world began, man has been doing the opposite thing step by step. He has been making progress in science and industry; great deals of landscape and wild life are being abolished day by day. Over population in small areas has given birth to traffic jam and poverty, which destroys the people. Trees have been cut down to make way for construction of modern buildings. Waste disposal is discarded on land and water, which spread mosquitoes. Mosquitoes enter the household and sit on food and spray dirt on the food from the waste and many more harmful activities for which man has started to destroy the beauty of the world. In clearing forests to create fields for farming and constructing new houses, man destroys the native animals and takes away their sources of food. His domestic animals kill them or man haunts them for meat, ivory or furs. Consequentially, the numbers of those haunted animals are minimized and a few numbers of these animals' lives are at stake.

The contamination are common amazing aspects through out the world causing a great crisis against our healthy environment in question. Our environment is greatly being polluted every time due to air and water pollution. Air is mainly being polluted from smokes. When the bricks are burnt, unbounded smokes are created. The compositions of such smoke particles are nicotine, thiophin, phuran, phosgene, sulfur dioxide and pyridine. These particles pollute the air tremendously. The smokes are also created when different vehicles ply over along the streets. For these reasons, all the streets are filled with the smokes that adversely affect the human health conditions. Burning poisonous gases like sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, nitric acids and sulfuric acids, again create the smokes. These particles make the air heavy and polluted. In order to construct buildings, dams and embankments, lots of plants and trees are cut down and subsequently these are burnt for bricks for which air is polluted to a great extent.

In this context, there is no denying the fact that modern civilization has been flourishing day by day by constructing buildings, dams, and embankments and over bridges for various purposes. There is a good ground for every development works in the world for which the limitless efforts, men's hardihood and persistent feelings are involved significantly. Indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and offices profiles have been constructed by enormous using sufficient bricks, trees and soils. Formerly, the world was full of forests and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In course of time, the people felt needs to enter into the world of civilization. To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies. In this momentary world many uncommon talents came out and made the world astonished by miracle discoveries and inventions. The world is immensely beautified by her unbounded nature where the forests and the animals, hills and mountains have been flourished by the best ecosystem with relevant ecological balances with the factors of climate and weather.

In the world, as the antidotes of medicine to cure diseases, the poisonous chemicals are being used up to manufacture the same. In this connection, it is important to mention that the dreadful diseases like cancer, coronary, blood cancer and aids etc., are no longer a problem or dreadful threadbare to human beings. If we look around the world, we will find that the environment is being polluted every time from water pollution when mosquitoes lay eggs on standing water of the river, ponds and pools etc. When dirty and unused ingredients are thrown into water, the water is polluted tremendously. The use of DDT is wonderful as a pesticide but on the other hand, it has claimed the lives of several birds of prey. Waste disposals dumped into the rivers and seas that have caused the death of shellfishes. Detergents from kitchen sinks make remove oxygen resulting in the loss of human beings.

In the village area, the village women use firewood as fuel extensively. As a result, a huge amount of plants and trees are being used. In Great Britain, the various chemicals are used in different large plants and projects; consequently, acid rains occur frequently. Suffice it to say that various poisonous gases are being produced to a great extent by tremendous use of poisonous chemicals and burning bricks for which the world around us is being polluted to a large extent. There is no denying the fact that with due advantage of modern civilization, the following things are reflected as the adverse criteria which need to be soon eliminated from our social life:

Greenhouse effects: In the winter-based country, the plants and trees are being planted in the artificial manner by storing sun light under some restricted environment. The things, which are being done in the green house, are the increasing of carbon dioxide, which affects the environment adversely. We need to ensure the proper use of carbon dioxide by growing the plants and trees adequately without which congenital atmosphere for our survival on earth would not have been possible. The problems of green house effects are throughout the world for which we should find out ways and means to solve the impediments, which create health hazards in our every day life. The CFC gas is the product of tremendous effects of greenhouse chattels and as a result, our environment is being polluted creating a great health hazard in question. The fact is that due to tremendous increase of CFC gas and carbon dioxide, ozone layer is consequently licked and the ultra-violet ray from the Ionosphere is in the way to hit the earth directly for which the surface temperature is gradually increasing and the ice is melted and the depth of the sea is also being increased. It is hoped in future that in course of time, the earth will be inundated under water.

Pollution in Bangladesh context: It has been observed in recent years survey that due to tremendous indiscriminant use of poly-thene bags, pollutions are occurring to a great extent. In the world, wastage is being observed but these are being recycled in a developed process, which are the consequences of better technology and scientific research. In order to remove such pollution, a better technology and strong recycling process are needed for which new bags are possible to be made. Besides this, we need to be careful about dealing wastage for which prospective and alternative measures are keenly emphasized in a systematic manner.

Extinction: We know that the plants and trees are vitally important in order to make our environments healthy and sophisticated to live peacefully in the world. On the other hand, due to lack of trees, adverse situations prevail in the atmospheric layer like increasing carbon dioxide and dust particles. If this type of gas is increased in the layer, our environment becomes barren and unsuitable for living. We use oxygen in our inhalation and give out carbon dioxide as a general flow of breathing function. Trees give us shadow and fruits for which our survival on earth becomes easy and comfortable. We need trees in order to make our environment free from pollution. Hence, it is widely recognized that due to enormous use of plants and trees, we are always facing the situations of health hazard and for which the government is careful to plant trees in place of the trees cut down. Since the plants and trees are being cut down to a great extent, the amount of lands have been reducing day by day for which the scarcity of cultivable lands are being observed tremendously. As a result of being extinct the forests, the number of animals, birds and other creature living in woodland are being reduced to a great extent. The main weapon to fight against extinction is self-awareness and consciousness. It has to come within everybody that we have to possess the feelings of responsibility and environmentalism, in order to build a better world -a world full of evergreen beauty and spirited animals and for these purpose, the following steps may be taken in due course.

• Hunting and whaling should be absolutely prohibited
• Deforestation needs to be counteracted
• The use of ivory and furs needs to be declared as a punishable crime imposing an exemplary penalty in question.
• National parks and nature reserves should be created
• The natural habitats of endangered species should be preserved.

If these plans of actions are executed immediately, then it may be expected a positive result that a man can see the dawn of a new era in the history of the world, which will be even more attractive if we are interested to be intimated with one another by forsaking all sorts of enmity and quarrelsome activities from the social life. Hence Somerset Maugham says,

" It is difficult to pass over the razor's edge
But the wise say, the path to salvation is hard"

In view of the above, it is obvious that the problems which are increasing day by day needs to be sorted out first in order to have a better situation for our survival on earth and by doing so, we need to chalk out ways and means to remove all sorts of adverse factors readily creating confusion for solving the constraints beset with our social and cultural life. In order to save ourselves from smokes, we need to think alternative measures like giving up cigarettes and using other lubricants in place of petrol and diesel from which no smoke particles grow. In comparison to other western world, the numbers of chain smokers have been greatly reduced but in our country it has been increasing day by day. By utmost feelings and realization, we should dedicate ourselves for the cause of real peace and tranquility of life. 

Things Money cannot buy

There is no denying the fact that knowledge is power with which every thing is possible to be accomplished and as such from time immemorial man has been making unbounded efforts to achieve knowledge to know the anonymous impartiality in search of exploring something which remains undiscovered. In earlier times, the people lived in fissure and they led their lives uncontrolled and uncleanly. If we look around the world, we will find that in modern hi-tech globalize world, unrestrained paraphernalia and mechanism have been invented for proper exploitation of knowledge in different sectors of advancement and opulence in socio-economic makeup of life. According to Socrates, from Knowledge, virtue and goodness burgeon with which man lives in deeds not in years.

There is a maxim in English that money is lost, nothing is lost; health is lost, something is lost and character is lost, everything is lost. Hence it is palpable that the things money cannot buy are those things which are deserved by virtue of goodness, honour hardihood and conscientious labour. In this world, there are lots of forbidden things attracting people to run after momentary happy for which man can involve themselves in corruption, malpractices, smoking, drug addictions like phencidil, chorus, wine and Yaba etc and these phenomenal objects spoil men’s life as a tentative flow.  It is said that the crown of glory of life is character which enhances the basic dimension of life for which man can deal prestigious life. We can mention sleep, peace, prosperity, health, modesty and truthfulness which cannot be purchased by money. The moral ethics of man promote the life of a real personality and such ethical values are achieved by way of gaining of knowledge in different environment and strategy. According to Somerset Maugham, it is difficult to pass over the razors edge, but the wise say, the path to salvation is hard.

Mental peace is another thing which money cannot buy. Hence health is the source of all happiness and as such a sound mind is a sound body. We are conversant with the definition of a healthy man for which we can achieve society, friendship and love. Formerly, the people were uncivilized and they did know how to use fire and there after they had learned how to burn fire and with the help of fire many things can be possible to the done virtually. In modern world, the use of fire has been wide ranging and as such many unexplored things have been discovered. The qualities of human beings may be considered as the critics of the things money cannot buy.

Indeed, a real friendship cannot be purchased and for this reason, friendship cannot be bought. Love and fraternity develops human minds towards achieving persuasive moral values with which we can achieve unlimited virtual and valuable things which are found normally in men’s character. Suffice it to say, the most influential personalities in this ephemeral world had ransacked the maxim of truth by limitless painstaking labour being controlled in all walks of life and even they have been able to achieve such qualitative aspects of life that money cannot buy.

In view of the above, it is evident that modesty contributes to the beauty of life. There is a proverb in English that ‘All that glitters is not gold’ but we are always habituated to be fascinated towards immoral social evils which can never enlighten or brighten the future of human beings. Life is nothing but struggle for existence and in this context the problems of man kind are never ending. We need to retaliate such problems with knowledge, techniques, wits and patience which ornament ourselves to be modeled like a prefect man.

What we see 10 years back?

                 

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                  ‘I do not know what course others may follow but for me, liberty or death’ was the  remarkable statement of Sir Muhammad Ali, a distinguished political leader in Indo Pak sub- continent  who had unflinchingly thrown challenges to the then British rulers who arranged a round table meeting in order to discuss overall situation of Indo Pak sub continent. He declared that he would never come back to his motherland as it was not a free country; if the rulers of British regime failed to give his country freedom, they might spare a piece of land for his grave there as it was an independent state. In the next as per history of independence of this sub continent, a few days later, he breathed his last. The history says that he had struggled for the sake of liberty and equality of his country to lead his life controlled and cleanly for which a nation can flourish day by day. From this point of view, it is clear to me that a nation’s birth occurs to bloom in full swing where there is no mistrust, deceits and terrorism, but in real life situation, we face unlimited perils of life which thrust us backwards from where our efforts have been continued to be enlightened day by day.

     From this day we can assume what may happen 10 years later, now we are struggling to survive some how as there exists terrorism, dowry system, early marriage, corruption, drug addiction and a number of social evils are prevailing in our country which are every times creating impediments against our prosperous future and our younger generations are looking forward to have a quicker change in the midst of misfortune and intensive superstitious. The world is at present passing a time of critical crisis bedded on scarcity, choice, hardships and pessimistic situations in socio-economic levels of the country. From a view of a student, the present and ahead of it for long 10 years, he would preserve his knowledge with history, geography, science and technology and can appear as a responsible citizen. His plans may be substantiated and he can be reflected as a personality of a glorious perception which would sanctify him in a systematic manner. From the present level, he can see his innermost world within his capacity of mental feelings and attitude of life which indicates him what sort of character phase he tries to uphold in order to find out ways and means in future. There is no denying the fact that the fundamental rights of the children is supported by UN charter which envisages that a child must be protected by providing him/her hierarchical needs like physiological, safety, security, egoistic and self actualization need. In Un convention, it has been clearly stated that a child must be flourished and it is the duties of the parents and in this respect, the state parties should have a special look to the well beings of the children and as such they should ensure necessary funds to develop them with proper education, knowledge and other ancillaries in a systematic manner so that they should develop themselves as an ideal citizen. In this context, Child labour has been a great impediment for flourishing the prospects of building them as good citizen in a country. Due to the fact that due to poverty, the parents are compelled to send their children to work in order to maintain their family. There is no denying the fact that modern civilization has been flourishing day by day by constructing buildings, dams, and embankments and over bridges for various purposes. There is a good ground for every development works in the world for which the limitless efforts, men's hardihood and persistent feelings are involved significantly. Indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and offices profiles have been constructed by enormous using sufficient bricks, trees and soils. Formerly, the world was full of forests and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In course of time, the people felt needs to enter into the world of civilization. To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies. In this momentary world many uncommon talents came out and made the world astonished by miracle discoveries and inventions. In those work, men and women are equally engaged where it is evident that a child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl.

                   In present world, we are facing through lots of crisis like wants, fickle mindedness and mismanagement every where and despite glorious modern technology with big economy and big government, lots of troubles such as murdering, robbing, cruelty and invasion against the weaker  who have no sufficient resources to retaliate the rivals. The natural disasters are found sometimes as evil forces which destroy our lives and property for which humans and animals in the woodland suffers mischievously. Very recent survey shows that smoking is harmful for our health and hygiene and I am optimistic that 10 year later, there will be no smoking habits as to be molded in the habits of humans and suffice it to say that a new law has been promulgated through out the world to prohibit smoking considering extensive threadbare against vital force.   There is a tremendous amount of evidence that various dreadful diseases occur often in smokers than non-smokers and these diseases are: Lung cancer; emphysema causing thinning and weakening of lung tissue; cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, gullet, bladder, and pancreas; coronary thrombosis causing blockage of arteries to the heart; angina pectoris causing pain due to narrowing of arteries to the heart; and chronic bronchitis with phlegm. Furthermore, Smoking appears to delay the healing of stomach ulcers; it reduces the senses of smell and taste; slows down reflexes which causes making smokers more prone to accidents; and gives the breath, clothes, and homes of smokers an unpleasant smell. Very recent research shows that smokers endanger the health of non-smokers. Pregnant women smokers tend to have smaller babies than non-smokers, and their babies are more likely to be born dead or die a few days after birth. Besides such tremendously adverse affects, the children of smoking parents have more lung infections in the first years of life than the children of non-smokers. During one hour in a smoky room, a non-smoker can inhale as much cancer-causing substances as some one smoking 15 filter-tip cigarettes. Illness related to smoking is very expensive. In U.K. and USA, it results in the loss of about 50 millions working days a year, treatment costs several hundreds thousands dollar a day, and it causes the death of over a thousand people a week. However, those who give up smoking greatly reduce their chances of developing diseases as mentioned above in question. Drug addict is such phenomena with which a person fails to achieve his bright lot, being laden with superstitious and mentally being disrobed, he becomes then unable to get rid of such bottleneck. Drug addiction is not only bad habits but also an evil force that spoils the men's life in question. There is no suspicion that the young people are found more to be addicted as compared to other evil forces that tremendously affect people to go to dogs and miscarriage. They are somehow influenced to take drugs like heroine, chorus, phencidel, wine cigarettes, alcohol and many other addicted materials very harmful for health and hygiene.  When a person somehow leaves hope of life, he thinks that drug addiction is only the way for which he can survive on earth and as such in the next course, he takes drugs after drugs and become addicted. When in one time, he becomes addicted; he cannot be able to give up those addictions because he remains in the state of hallucinations and mentally distortions.  Hence Alcoholics do not drink simply for pleasure, but because they guess that they cannot face life's problems without alcohol. That is to say, they become dependant upon alcohol without realizing it and as such for the first time, pleasing effects are produced by one or two drinks, but soon larger and larger amounts are needed to yield these effects, until self control is unduly irrevocable.

          There is no denying the fact that more road mishap results from hefty drinking than from any other reason. This is due to the fact that alcohol slows down reflexes, interferes with concentration and distance judgments, and increases recklessness. As has been stated above that heavy drinking can cause cancer of the mouth, gullet, stomach, and liver. It upsets the digestion and reduces blood cell formation, causing anemia. Suffice it to say that alcohol causes shrinkage of the brain, reducing the powers of abstract reasoning, and it destroys liver cells causing this organ to store abnormally large amounts of fat. In severe cases, alcoholics suffer numbness and paralysis of the limbs. Some alcoholics suffer a disorder known as delirium tremens when forced to stop drinking and besides this, vomiting occurs and the whole body begins to shake and in due course, it is followed by hideous and often ghastly visions. A drug can be defined as a chemical material that affects the mind and only the so-called hard drugs are irresistible. These include the opiates: opium, morphine, and heroine. A drug addict comes to depend upon a drug so that life is no longer bearable without it. Addiction occurs because, like alcohol, more and more of the drug is required to produce its desired effects. Furthermore, if the drug supply is suddenly cut off an addict suffers withdrawal symptoms and these can be radically fatal. Marijuana and hashish are those drugs produced from the plant Indian hemp and accordingly, visible effects of the drugs including reddening of the eyes caused by distention of blood vessels, and enlargement of the pupils. Effects on the mind vary and in general visual awareness is increased and ideas flow more quickly. These drugs are not addictive and there is no evidence that they harm the body. There is a danger, however, that the drug taker's sense of judgment will be distorted so that reckless or foolish behavior can result. Lysergic acid DI-ethyl amide (LSD) is an example of a hallucinogenic drug, so called because it gives rise to dramatic aberration. The effects of LSD trip are unpredictable and seem to depend upon the mood of the user immediately before taking the drug. It could for instance intensify awareness and perception to the point at which the user undergoes mystical experiences or it may intensify a depressed, fearful or agitated mood with horrifying results. Another problem with LSD is that very small quantities have powerful effects, and since illegally produced drugs vary in quality drug takers can never be sure how much they are taking. An overdose of LSD can result in insanity or death.

Another problem with LSD is that very small quantities have powerful effects, and since illegally produced drugs are extracted from the seed capsules of the opium poppy. Opiates are medically important as painkillers. But drug takers use them because they give rise to feelings of well beings, contentment, and power. Unfortunately when the effects wear off the taker becomes anxious and depressed and is tempered to take another dose to restore a good mood, a course that can lead to addiction. Morphine, heroine, and other drugs that are often injected involve the risk of infection from dirt hypodermic needles. Besides this, Barbiturates and amphetamines are used immediately to relieve anxiety and as sleeping pills. But they are dangerous because the dosage must be continually increased to be effective. Barbiturates are often used in combination with amphetamines and other stimulants. These reduce the sleepiness induced by barbiturates with a feeling of mental alertness. Amphetamines harm the health by reducing the appetite, by causing sleeplessness, and by reducing the body's ability to fight infection. 

In view of the above, it is obvious that we are optimistic about the future; the future which will appear to us must be glorious and more transparent as we are passing the most perils of life where the evil forces are active against prosperity of education, history, culture, social development and overall heritage of life. We should not be unenthusiastic as we are enriched with hopeful bright future in the sense that when the whole nation will continue efforts to raise their heads for constructive and effective work and legibility of life with the dauntless touch wood of good harvest by dint of perseverance, intelligence and merits virtually.

Social Malevolence

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Out of so many dreadful heart diseases, hypertension is the most common disease affecting the heart and blood vessel. When pressure remains high, the heart uses more energy in pumping. Due to increased effort, the heart muscle thickens and the heart becomes enlarged. It needs more oxygen; untreated high blood pressure can lead to decreased  diameter  of the arteries and arterioles causing atherosclerosis, strokes, heart attacks****************

It is idiosyncratic in the sense that total eradication of such disease lays both in individual and government level. Because, government should generate awareness among the social life so that the people can understand the utility of carefulness about drug addict and smoking. Smoking emerge due to delay in healing of stomach ulcers; it trims down the senses of smell and taste; slows down reflexes which causes smokers more prone to accidents; and gives an unpleasant smell from the breath, clothes, and homes of smokers. Individuals have more responsibility not to be involved in socially irresponsible life. The society cannot permit in illicit connection with any other things. The government should check the utmost irrelevant objects and as such they should take part actively to eradicate the poisonous effects of using unusual critics.

The people as well as the law enforcing agency should be careful about heart diseases. They should not take much junk foods, fatty foods and over smoking. We need to be educated and morally strong so that we can easily avoid such health hazards. There exists a remarkable extent of evidence that a variety of awful diseases emerge often in smokers than non-smokers and these diseases are: Lung cancer; emphysema causing thinning and weakening of lung tissue; cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, gullet, bladder, and pancreas; coronary thrombosis causing snarl-up of arteries to the heart; angina pectoris causing pain due to contraction of arteries to the heart; and chronic bronchitis with phlegm. Moreover, Smoking emerge due to delay in healing of stomach ulcers; it trims down the senses of smell and taste; slows down reflexes which causes smokers more prone to accidents; and gives an unpleasant smell from the breath, clothes, and homes of smokers. Very current survey illustrates that smokers endanger the health of non-smokers. Pregnant women smokers tend to have smaller babies than non-smokers, and their babies are more likely to be born dead or die a few days after birth. Besides such tremendously adverse affects, the children of smoking parents have more lung infections in the first years of life than the children of non-smokers. During one hour in a smoky room, a non-smoker can inhale as much cancer-causing substances as some one smoking 15 filter-tip cigarettes.

Hence it is obvious that smoking has been unenthusiastic every times and as such, even in general advertisement to sell their product, the work of publication of product’s brand name and packaging system to indicate the quality of the product has been banned. In view of the above, it is evident that if we create social awareness we should check our heart diseases. Individuals have more responsibility not to be involved in socially irresponsible life. The society cannot permit any illicit connection with several other things being hard and painstaking. The government should check the utmost irrelevant objects and as such they should take part actively to eradicate the poisonous effects of using unusual critics. No, normally I cannot donate my heart to some body. After death, if heart is active and keep balance its real structure, it can be donated. In modern science, nowadays, heart can be transplanted. Even, monkeys’ heart is being transplanted on a large scale through out the world. It is evident that modern appliances have been upgraded magically and as such heart operation and its transplanting is not a major problem. Even the good doctors are being successful spontaneously every times, and they are applying new concepts and techniques to beam laughter of the patient in their face. The doctors should be cautious and sincere even they take active measure in more devotion to patients specifically in case heart transplantation.

Stem cell research is such a research where a new embryo is to be explored on women so that a clone foetus is possible to be transplanted. It comes from new and old embryo. The women who are devoid of producing babies, stem cell research develops the new cell along the growth of adipose tissue. As a result, all sorts of chemicals are provided to the patient through placenta.

The growth of the clone lies with the normal capillaries faction along heart. May be we can use these cells to grow new hearts in a test tube and transplant them idyllically so that the groups of blood can be properly tested. By virtue of modern science and medical technology, we can use cells to grow new hearts in a test tube. The women who have no capacity to produce child, test tube baby can be developed in different embryo of the women’s sac underneath abdomen. In different techniques an embryo is developed in the test tube and after several observations such embryo is matured and instituted into the woman. Not only in our country, can a new heart be grown simultaneously on the cells as every times flourished as a tentative flow. If such inside baby pigment is transplanted into the sick people, baby will be grown not in due incubation, and as such many disrobing problems may be infected in due course.

In view of the above it is obvious that, let alone religion, survival on earth is a vital question. Some ethnic groups use medicine as produced from pig’s fat and brain for which the pigs’ heart is said to be sturdy enough as it has different structural compositions as compared to humans. Even monkeys heart is nowadays transplanted in western world and as such the scientists are carrying out experiment on pigs’ heart that is legible based and defined perspectives. As the muscles and cells growth on pericardium take place, its growth is rapid. It is risky in the sense, capillaries and blood vessel carry blood on hard complicacies for which in many countries such transplantation has been discouraged.  Pigs only live for 20 years its hearts decay quicker than humans as the pattern of cells decay too rapid than a grown up man. All oils and hydrolysis substances can be dissolved properly in pigs. The fatty muscles are strictly attached with the adipose tissues of the pigs. The necessary chemical produced in adipose tissue is provided to its liver and quickly protein based enzymes are produced and used. For this reasons, humans’ legibility is longer than pigs. Pigs’ heart is decayed quickly but humans’ heart is stronger than pigs for which the decay rate is less than that of pigs.

The important criteria of modern management System

In Modern project management system ‘PRINCE AND SSADM’ is a part of Information system which helps management ‘Information technology’ and for what they actually are - authoritative and precious tools, but not has any magical aspects. When applied solicitously, these tools can bring important benefits for individuals, organisations, and customers as a tentative flow. When misinterpreted, they can fritter away remarkable amounts of time, effort, and money’.

          The UK, a developed country that is economically and technologically advanced, designed PRINCE AND SSADM, to meet their own requirements. It cannot be expected that these structured methodologies would equally suit the resource scarce developing countries. But the above discussions surmise that there is potential scope and rationale for applying PRINCE AND SSADM that would facilitate the developing countries for better project management and system development. But again, these methodologies should not be considered as the “solutions”, rather these frameworks should be used thoughtfully, tailored to manage projects efficiently and to develop effective information systems to cope with the challenge of change.

 The PRINCE model for projects is based on two main principles:

n The project is a joint responsibility between users, the developers and    the organisation for whose benefit the end-product is being developed

n In order for projects to succeed, a special structure is demanded to manage the project throughout its life - from conception through build to handover.  This structure is distinct from normal line management.

Using these principles, the model defines three levels of activity:

n Overall project management and major decision making

n Day-to-day management

n Production of end-products

                                                                                                                                   

These three levels of activity are assigned respectively to the Project Board, to the Project and Stage Managers, and to the Technical Teams.

A key element of PRINCE is shown in the following Diagram:           

 

In PRINCE, an approach to planning based on products rather than activities and the use of this approach for the benefits. It also emphasises that projects needs to define the ‘shape’ or manageable phases of a project to promote sound business control. Stages are characterised by the production of specific products.

Some concepts of email and internets

What is email? What are the main features of Email?

Email is basically for electronic mail transmission among people. There are also mailboxes, mail servers and other features like those in traditional post office systems. Only the difference is the simplicity and speed in the information transmission via computer and the Internet (It is also discussed later on).

Email is a great achievement

E-mail is a great achievement in the world of communication. It is a great achievement because it allows messages to reach their recipients within a very short time. If anybody asks how much time it would take for a letter to reach Bangladesh from the EU or the USA, even the top officials of the Post Department would not be able to answer. The fastest mail delivery system in the world, DHL, takes a minimum of three days to deliver mail to a client. There are, of course, other communication devices like phone, fax, telex, but often those are too costly. Among all the media of information transmission, email is the best as it is the cheapest and also the fastest. Also, it ensures privacy or confidentiality, as the message is stored in the mailbox of the recipient directly. The sender can be sure that the recipient will obtain the message, which is sometimes impossible to assume in the case of Fax. Another great benefit of email is that a user can access his/her messages from any computer in the world that has Internet access, whenever he/she want to check for email.

Email address

Every email recipient must have an email address to be identified and to temporarily store the message in the mail server. If there is no address, how will you be able to locate any person among millions of people? You must have an address, and so emails are sent to addresses. Example: alam@bangla.net is an email address. Every address must be specified according to the mail server. The unique name before the @ sign would give the identification of the recipient. Here, alam is the user or recipient, and bangla.net is the mail server.

Using Email

Email works like a postal system. When someone mails a message (letter), it is first stored in a mail server. This is just like posting the letters in the local post office or letterbox.

Usage of the Internet

There is versatile usage of the Internet. It is not only the source of huge information, but also a very powerful medium to establish direct and easy communication among people and societies. There are the following special features:

·        The Information Superhighway

·        The World Wide Web

·        Bulletin Boards

·        Chat forums

·        E-mail

·        Information Retrieval, etc.

What is the Information Superhighway

The Internet is the super corridor or super highway where any sort of information can be published, retrieved or exchanged. Every Internet Server stores a large amount of information on different topics. And there are millions of such servers, which are active all day long, even days or months together. There is no break, no pause. So information is available at any time, any moment. You may just hook up with the Internet and get piles of information!

           What is the World Wide Web (WWW)

The WWW is a very famous term, used to define the information population by any Internet server. It is a global publication of web pages showcasing people, societies, and organisations. Every web page is technically a page of information, where different connecting heads/subheads are available to navigate to related pages of information, which are bundled together.

What is a Bulletin Board?

Bulletin Boards are actually simple forums where news, software, games, and articles are bundled together with access to every member, where they can directly contribute to or collect from the system, according to everybody’s requirements.

In a bulletin board, you may have the opportunity to confer with others, sending items without worrying about who you want to communicate with. Every member may have the same freedom to collect anything at any time, according to his/her own convenience.

The importance of Information system

In the world of globalisation, an Information system is one where data is collected, classified, and put into a process that interprets the results, providing an integrated series of information for further communication and analysis. In a progressively more spirited worldwide atmosphere, Information System plays the role as ‘enabler and facilitator’, which endows with tactical values and considerable step up to the excellence of administration. ‘An Information System is a particular type of work system that uses information technology to detain, put on the air, store, retrieve, manipulate or display information, thereby partisan one or more other work structure’. In totting up to taking side’s assessment making, co-ordination and control, information systems may also help managers and workers investigate problems, envisage complex subjects and generate new merchandise or services.

Work systems and the information systems that support typically undergo at least four phases: a) initiation, the process of defining the need to change an existing work system b) development, the process of acquiring and configuring/installing the necessary hardware, software and other resources c) implementation, the process of making new system operational in the organisation, and d) Operation and maintenance, the process concerned with the operation of the system, correcting any problems that may arise and ensuring that the system is delivering the anticipating benefits.

In view of the above discussion, it is evident that the management of Information system can be achieved and controlled using a series of techniques and management tools which, collectively, tend to be known as Structured Methodologies.  Two important methodologies: v PRINCE (Projects IN a Controlled Environment), and v SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology), developed by the Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA), are used widely in the UK public sector and in some Developing Countries, like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal etc. Prior to comment on the application of these methods in the Developing Countries, it would be pertinent to describe brief outlines of these methodologies.